diff --git a/.changeset/lazy-runtime-reference-identities.md b/.changeset/lazy-runtime-reference-identities.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..807b0f5ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/lazy-runtime-reference-identities.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@tanstack/db': patch
+---
+
+Lazily initialize runtime reference identities to avoid generating random values during Cloudflare Worker module evaluation.
diff --git a/.changeset/publish-applied-subset-coverage.md b/.changeset/publish-applied-subset-coverage.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cd45a8fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/publish-applied-subset-coverage.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+'@tanstack/db': patch
+'@tanstack/electric-db-collection': patch
+'@tanstack/query-db-collection': patch
+---
+
+Publish exact applied `loadSubset` coverage with retry-safe ownership cleanup,
+invalidate deduplicated request evidence when its rows are released, and
+preserve eager Query DB observation after cache removal.
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/AggregateNotSupportedError.md b/docs/reference/classes/AggregateNotSupportedError.md
index 31c5154bc2..2cc8d0db49 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/AggregateNotSupportedError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/AggregateNotSupportedError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: AggregateNotSupportedError
 
 # Class: AggregateNotSupportedError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:777](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L777)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:785](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L785)
 
 Error thrown when aggregate expressions are used outside of a GROUP BY context.
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Error thrown when aggregate expressions are used outside of a GROUP BY context.
 new AggregateNotSupportedError(): AggregateNotSupportedError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:778](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L778)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:786](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L786)
 
 #### Returns
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError.md b/docs/reference/classes/CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError.md
index a5d461d68b..7a0fbc4c2d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError
 
 # Class: CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:740](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L740)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:748](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L748)
 
 ## Extends
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:740](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 new CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError(): CannotCombineEmptyExpressionListError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:741](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L741)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:749](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L749)
 
 #### Returns
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/DbClient.md b/docs/reference/classes/DbClient.md
index e199a8d1f7..091112601a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/DbClient.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/DbClient.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: DbClient
 
 # Class: DbClient
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:307](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L307)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:308](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L308)
 
 ## Constructors
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:342](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _consumeLiveQueryResult(queryHash, dehydratedAt): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:628](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L628)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:635](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L635)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:628](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _failPendingLiveQueries(error): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:671](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L671)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:678](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L678)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:671](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _getLiveQuery(queryHash): DbClientLiveQuery | undefined;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:623](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L623)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:630](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L630)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:623](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _isSsrServerCleanupEnabled(): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:618](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L618)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L625)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:618](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _isSsrStreamingEnabled(): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:608](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L608)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:615](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L615)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:432](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _registerLiveQuery(queryHash, promise): Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:636](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L636)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:643](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L643)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:636](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _registerLiveQueryResource(owner, cleanup): () => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:658](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L658)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:665](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L665)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:658](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _setSsrServerCleanupEnabled(enabled): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:613](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L613)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:620](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L620)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:613](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 _setSsrStreamingEnabled(enabled): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:603](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L603)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:610](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L610)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:603](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 applyCollectionChunk(chunk): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:593](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L593)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:600](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L600)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:593](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 cleanup(): Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:678](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L678)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:685](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L685)
 
 #### Returns
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:346](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 dehydrate(options): DehydratedDbState;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:514](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L514)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:521](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L521)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:328](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 hydrate(state): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:575](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L575)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:582](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L582)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:332](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 subscribe(listener): () => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:597](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L597)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:604](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L604)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/DeduplicatedLoadSubset.md b/docs/reference/classes/DeduplicatedLoadSubset.md
index 029b0eb102..ef55d30881 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/DeduplicatedLoadSubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/DeduplicatedLoadSubset.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: DeduplicatedLoadSubset
 
 # Class: DeduplicatedLoadSubset
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:47](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L47)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:48](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L48)
 
 Deduplicated wrapper for a loadSubset function.
 Tracks what data has been loaded and avoids redundant calls by applying
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ dedupe.reset()
 new DeduplicatedLoadSubset(opts): DeduplicatedLoadSubset;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:77](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L77)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:78](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L78)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:77](https://github.com/TanSt
 loadSubset(options): true | Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:95](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L95)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:96](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L96)
 
 Load a subset of data, with automatic deduplication based on previously
 loaded predicates and in-flight requests.
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ true if data is already loaded, or a Promise that resolves when data is loaded
 reset(): void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:221](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L221)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts:227](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts#L227)
 
 Reset all tracking state.
 Clears the history of loaded predicates and in-flight calls.
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/MissingAliasInputsError.md b/docs/reference/classes/MissingAliasInputsError.md
index fa46d80a83..197c361458 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/MissingAliasInputsError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/MissingAliasInputsError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: MissingAliasInputsError
 
 # Class: MissingAliasInputsError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:789](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L789)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:797](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L797)
 
 Internal error when the compiler returns aliases that don't have corresponding input streams.
 This should never happen since all aliases come from user declarations.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ This should never happen since all aliases come from user declarations.
 new MissingAliasInputsError(missingAliases): MissingAliasInputsError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:790](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L790)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:798](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L798)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/QueryOptimizerError.md b/docs/reference/classes/QueryOptimizerError.md
index a5c03bc178..90c7b08362 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/QueryOptimizerError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/QueryOptimizerError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: QueryOptimizerError
 
 # Class: QueryOptimizerError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:733](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L733)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:741](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L741)
 
 ## Extends
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:733](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 new QueryOptimizerError(message): QueryOptimizerError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:734](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L734)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:742](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L742)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/SetWindowRequiresOrderByError.md b/docs/reference/classes/SetWindowRequiresOrderByError.md
index 05fb3aaea9..02e0feccfd 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/SetWindowRequiresOrderByError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/SetWindowRequiresOrderByError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SetWindowRequiresOrderByError
 
 # Class: SetWindowRequiresOrderByError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:801](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L801)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:809](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L809)
 
 Error thrown when setWindow is called on a collection without an ORDER BY clause.
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Error thrown when setWindow is called on a collection without an ORDER BY clause
 new SetWindowRequiresOrderByError(): SetWindowRequiresOrderByError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:802](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L802)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:810](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L810)
 
 #### Returns
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/SubscriptionNotFoundError.md b/docs/reference/classes/SubscriptionNotFoundError.md
index 172708b4ff..a5184494f4 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/SubscriptionNotFoundError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/SubscriptionNotFoundError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscriptionNotFoundError
 
 # Class: SubscriptionNotFoundError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:761](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L761)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:769](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L769)
 
 Error when a subscription cannot be found during lazy join processing.
 For subqueries, aliases may be remapped (e.g., 'activeUser' → 'user').
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ new SubscriptionNotFoundError(
    availableAliases): SubscriptionNotFoundError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:762](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L762)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:770](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L770)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/SyncTransactionAbortedError.md b/docs/reference/classes/SyncTransactionAbortedError.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2593447c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/SyncTransactionAbortedError.md
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+---
+id: SyncTransactionAbortedError
+title: SyncTransactionAbortedError
+---
+
+# Class: SyncTransactionAbortedError
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:733](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L733)
+
+A sync transaction was canceled before its writes became visible.
+
+## Extends
+
+- `Error`
+
+## Constructors
+
+### Constructor
+
+```ts
+new SyncTransactionAbortedError(): SyncTransactionAbortedError;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:734](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L734)
+
+#### Returns
+
+`SyncTransactionAbortedError`
+
+#### Overrides
+
+```ts
+Error.constructor
+```
+
+## Properties
+
+### cause?
+
+```ts
+optional cause: unknown;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/typescript@5.9.3/node\_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es2022.error.d.ts:26
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.cause
+```
+
+***
+
+### message
+
+```ts
+message: string;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/typescript@5.9.3/node\_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es5.d.ts:1077
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.message
+```
+
+***
+
+### name
+
+```ts
+name: string;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/typescript@5.9.3/node\_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es5.d.ts:1076
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.name
+```
+
+***
+
+### stack?
+
+```ts
+optional stack: string;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/typescript@5.9.3/node\_modules/typescript/lib/lib.es5.d.ts:1078
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.stack
+```
+
+***
+
+### stackTraceLimit
+
+```ts
+static stackTraceLimit: number;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/@types+node@25.2.2/node\_modules/@types/node/globals.d.ts:67
+
+The `Error.stackTraceLimit` property specifies the number of stack frames
+collected by a stack trace (whether generated by `new Error().stack` or
+`Error.captureStackTrace(obj)`).
+
+The default value is `10` but may be set to any valid JavaScript number. Changes
+will affect any stack trace captured _after_ the value has been changed.
+
+If set to a non-number value, or set to a negative number, stack traces will
+not capture any frames.
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.stackTraceLimit
+```
+
+## Methods
+
+### captureStackTrace()
+
+```ts
+static captureStackTrace(targetObject, constructorOpt?): void;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/@types+node@25.2.2/node\_modules/@types/node/globals.d.ts:51
+
+Creates a `.stack` property on `targetObject`, which when accessed returns
+a string representing the location in the code at which
+`Error.captureStackTrace()` was called.
+
+```js
+const myObject = {};
+Error.captureStackTrace(myObject);
+myObject.stack;  // Similar to `new Error().stack`
+```
+
+The first line of the trace will be prefixed with
+`${myObject.name}: ${myObject.message}`.
+
+The optional `constructorOpt` argument accepts a function. If given, all frames
+above `constructorOpt`, including `constructorOpt`, will be omitted from the
+generated stack trace.
+
+The `constructorOpt` argument is useful for hiding implementation
+details of error generation from the user. For instance:
+
+```js
+function a() {
+  b();
+}
+
+function b() {
+  c();
+}
+
+function c() {
+  // Create an error without stack trace to avoid calculating the stack trace twice.
+  const { stackTraceLimit } = Error;
+  Error.stackTraceLimit = 0;
+  const error = new Error();
+  Error.stackTraceLimit = stackTraceLimit;
+
+  // Capture the stack trace above function b
+  Error.captureStackTrace(error, b); // Neither function c, nor b is included in the stack trace
+  throw error;
+}
+
+a();
+```
+
+#### Parameters
+
+##### targetObject
+
+`object`
+
+##### constructorOpt?
+
+`Function`
+
+#### Returns
+
+`void`
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.captureStackTrace
+```
+
+***
+
+### prepareStackTrace()
+
+```ts
+static prepareStackTrace(err, stackTraces): any;
+```
+
+Defined in: node\_modules/.pnpm/@types+node@25.2.2/node\_modules/@types/node/globals.d.ts:55
+
+#### Parameters
+
+##### err
+
+`Error`
+
+##### stackTraces
+
+`CallSite`[]
+
+#### Returns
+
+`any`
+
+#### See
+
+https://v8.dev/docs/stack-trace-api#customizing-stack-traces
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Error.prepareStackTrace
+```
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/UnhashableQueryIRError.md b/docs/reference/classes/UnhashableQueryIRError.md
index 3d6695ff93..6002b0a84a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/UnhashableQueryIRError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/UnhashableQueryIRError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: UnhashableQueryIRError
 
 # Class: UnhashableQueryIRError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:26](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L26)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:53](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L53)
 
 ## Extends
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:26](https://github.com/
 new UnhashableQueryIRError(path, reason): UnhashableQueryIRError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:27](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L27)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:54](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L54)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Error.name
 readonly path: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:28](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L28)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:55](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L55)
 
 ***
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:28](https://github.com/
 readonly reason: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:29](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L29)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:56](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L56)
 
 ***
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/classes/WhereClauseConversionError.md b/docs/reference/classes/WhereClauseConversionError.md
index 92b71432b4..31fa15fd17 100644
--- a/docs/reference/classes/WhereClauseConversionError.md
+++ b/docs/reference/classes/WhereClauseConversionError.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: WhereClauseConversionError
 
 # Class: WhereClauseConversionError
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:749](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L749)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:757](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L757)
 
 Internal error when the query optimizer fails to convert a WHERE clause to a collection filter.
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Internal error when the query optimizer fails to convert a WHERE clause to a col
 new WhereClauseConversionError(collectionId, alias): WhereClauseConversionError;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:750](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L750)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/errors.ts:758](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/errors.ts#L758)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/functions/electricCollectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/functions/electricCollectionOptions.md
index c240996785..1dd0a2a381 100644
--- a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/functions/electricCollectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/functions/electricCollectionOptions.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ title: electricCollectionOptions
 function electricCollectionOptions<T>(config): Omit<CollectionConfig<InferSchemaOutput<T>, string | number, T, UtilsRecord>, "utils" | "onInsert" | "onUpdate" | "onDelete"> & Pick<ElectricCollectionConfig<InferSchemaOutput<T>, T>, "onInsert" | "onUpdate" | "onDelete"> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:722](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L722)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:740](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L740)
 
 Creates Electric collection options for use with a standard Collection
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Collection options with utilities
 function electricCollectionOptions<T>(config): Omit<CollectionConfig<T, string | number, never, UtilsRecord>, "utils" | "onInsert" | "onUpdate" | "onDelete"> & Pick<ElectricCollectionConfig<T, never>, "onInsert" | "onUpdate" | "onDelete"> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:740](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L740)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:758](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L758)
 
 Creates Electric collection options for use with a standard Collection
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionConfig.md
index 572c7e2388..ce3384411e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: ElectricCollectionConfig
 
 # Interface: ElectricCollectionConfig\<T, TSchema\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:280](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L280)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:281](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L281)
 
 Configuration interface for Electric collection options
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The schema type for validation
 optional [ELECTRIC_TEST_HOOKS]: ElectricTestHooks;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:303](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L303)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:304](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L304)
 
 Internal test hooks (for testing only)
 Hidden via Symbol to prevent accidental usage in production
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Hidden via Symbol to prevent accidental usage in production
 optional onDelete: (params) => Promise<MatchingStrategy>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:420](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L420)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:421](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L421)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before a delete operation
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ onDelete: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onInsert: (params) => Promise<MatchingStrategy>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:351](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L351)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:352](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L352)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an insert operation
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ onInsert: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onUpdate: (params) => Promise<MatchingStrategy>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:386](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L386)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:387](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L387)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an update operation
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ onUpdate: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 shapeOptions: ShapeStreamOptions<GetExtensions<T>>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:296](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L296)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:297](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L297)
 
 Configuration options for the ElectricSQL ShapeStream
 
@@ -239,4 +239,4 @@ Configuration options for the ElectricSQL ShapeStream
 optional syncMode: ElectricSyncMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:297](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L297)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:298](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L298)
diff --git a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionUtils.md b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionUtils.md
index ed1befd0f5..9456204c0c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionUtils.md
+++ b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/interfaces/ElectricCollectionUtils.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: ElectricCollectionUtils
 
 # Interface: ElectricCollectionUtils\<T\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:704](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L704)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:722](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L722)
 
 Electric collection utilities type
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Electric collection utilities type
 awaitMatch: AwaitMatchFn<T>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:708](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L708)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:726](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L726)
 
 ***
 
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:708](https://github
 awaitTxId: AwaitTxIdFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:707](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L707)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:725](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L725)
diff --git a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/AwaitTxIdFn.md b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/AwaitTxIdFn.md
index a912ea5d92..309adefe87 100644
--- a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/AwaitTxIdFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/AwaitTxIdFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: AwaitTxIdFn
 type AwaitTxIdFn = (txId, timeout?) => Promise<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:691](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L691)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:709](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L709)
 
 Type for the awaitTxId utility function
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/Txid.md b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/Txid.md
index 4650ab8104..493d448b3c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/Txid.md
+++ b/docs/reference/electric-db-collection/type-aliases/Txid.md
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ title: Txid
 type Txid = number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:92](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L92)
+Defined in: [packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts:93](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts#L93)
 
 Type representing a transaction ID in ElectricSQL
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/canonicalizeQueryIR.md b/docs/reference/functions/canonicalizeQueryIR.md
index d65f6b2fab..5198bb69a9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/canonicalizeQueryIR.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/canonicalizeQueryIR.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: canonicalizeQueryIR
 function canonicalizeQueryIR(query): StableIdentityValue;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:50](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L50)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:176](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L176)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/collectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/functions/collectionOptions.md
index e9a5b6f577..bb0153b4d3 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/collectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/collectionOptions.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ title: collectionOptions
 function collectionOptions<T, TKey, TUtils>(options): CollectionOptions<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, T, TUtils> & NonSingleResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:179](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L179)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:180](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L180)
 
 ### Type Parameters
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:179](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 function collectionOptions<T, TKey, TUtils>(options): CollectionOptions<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, T, TUtils> & SingleResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:188](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L188)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:189](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L189)
 
 ### Type Parameters
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:188](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 function collectionOptions<T, TKey, TUtils>(options): CollectionOptions<T, TKey, never, TUtils> & NonSingleResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:197](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L197)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:198](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L198)
 
 ### Type Parameters
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:197](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 function collectionOptions<T, TKey, TUtils>(options): CollectionOptions<T, TKey, never, TUtils> & SingleResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:206](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L206)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:207](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L207)
 
 ### Type Parameters
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:206](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 function collectionOptions<TConfig>(id, factory): DescriptorFromConfig<TConfig>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:215](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L215)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:216](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L216)
 
 ### Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/compileQuery.md b/docs/reference/functions/compileQuery.md
index ad54d4bbbf..6bfa983a10 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/compileQuery.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/compileQuery.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function compileQuery(
    childCorrelationField?): CompilationResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/compiler/index.ts:218](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/compiler/index.ts#L218)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/compiler/index.ts:322](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/compiler/index.ts#L322)
 
 Compiles a query IR into a D2 pipeline
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/getLoadSubsetDemandKey.md b/docs/reference/functions/getLoadSubsetDemandKey.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d9914cb49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/getLoadSubsetDemandKey.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+id: getLoadSubsetDemandKey
+title: getLoadSubsetDemandKey
+---
+
+# Function: getLoadSubsetDemandKey()
+
+```ts
+function getLoadSubsetDemandKey(options): DemandKey | undefined;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:111](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L111)
+
+Returns the exact semantic identity of a loadSubset request.
+
+Abort signals and subscriptions are owners of a request, not part of the
+requested data, and therefore do not affect the key. A demand generation
+scopes one asynchronous attempt rather than the data it requests. Code that
+rejects stale work compares this key alongside its generation; query-db uses
+the key alone so equivalent data demands can reuse one cache entry across
+generations.
+
+## Parameters
+
+### options
+
+[`LoadSubsetOptions`](../type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md)
+
+## Returns
+
+[`DemandKey`](../type-aliases/DemandKey.md) \| `undefined`
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/getQueryIdentity.md b/docs/reference/functions/getQueryIdentity.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c22d2f2e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/getQueryIdentity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+---
+id: getQueryIdentity
+title: getQueryIdentity
+---
+
+# Function: getQueryIdentity()
+
+```ts
+function getQueryIdentity(query): QueryIdentity;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:85](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L85)
+
+Returns the semantic identity of a structured query.
+
+Logical conjunctions and disjunctions are associative, commutative, and
+idempotent. Equality operands are commutative, while reversed inequalities
+are normalized by inverting their operator. Order-sensitive clauses and
+function arguments retain their original order.
+
+## Parameters
+
+### query
+
+[`QueryIR`](../@tanstack/namespaces/IR/interfaces/QueryIR.md)
+
+## Returns
+
+[`QueryIdentity`](../type-aliases/QueryIdentity.md)
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryBuilderHash.md b/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryBuilderHash.md
index f6a7dfdbcb..f44400237f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryBuilderHash.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryBuilderHash.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: getStableQueryBuilderHash
 function getStableQueryBuilderHash(query): string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:40](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L40)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:67](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L67)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryIRHash.md b/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryIRHash.md
index a4ae140b33..bf69094aaf 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryIRHash.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/getStableQueryIRHash.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: getStableQueryIRHash
 function getStableQueryIRHash(query): string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:36](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L36)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:63](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L63)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/getStableValueHash.md b/docs/reference/functions/getStableValueHash.md
index f932b273e8..a27be1aa76 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/getStableValueHash.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/getStableValueHash.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: getStableValueHash
 function getStableValueHash(value, path): string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:46](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L46)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:73](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L73)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isCollectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/functions/isCollectionOptions.md
index 53182a7f9c..4cd34a660c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isCollectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isCollectionOptions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isCollectionOptions
 function isCollectionOptions(value): value is CollectionOptions<any, string | number, any, UtilsRecord>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:301](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L301)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:302](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L302)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isLimitSubset.md b/docs/reference/functions/isLimitSubset.md
index eb2b6ab3f8..6cc0d35f05 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isLimitSubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isLimitSubset.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isLimitSubset
 function isLimitSubset(subset, superset): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:773](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L773)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:804](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L804)
 
 Check if one limit is a subset of another.
 Returns true if the subset limit requirements are satisfied by the superset limit.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy.md b/docs/reference/functions/isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0770a0143c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+---
+id: isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy
+title: isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy
+---
+
+# Function: isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy()
+
+```ts
+function isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy(demand, acquisitionRequest): boolean;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:953](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L953)
+
+Returns whether one acquisition request subsumes another demand.
+
+This is a directional relationship between request shapes, not proof of
+applied or authoritative coverage. It must not be replaced with DemandKey
+equality, which answers whether two exact requests are the same.
+
+## Parameters
+
+### demand
+
+[`LoadSubsetOptions`](../type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md)
+
+### acquisitionRequest
+
+[`LoadSubsetOptions`](../type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md)
+
+## Returns
+
+`boolean`
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isOffsetLimitSubset.md b/docs/reference/functions/isOffsetLimitSubset.md
index a3d63e97b5..cd253d3b3d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isOffsetLimitSubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isOffsetLimitSubset.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isOffsetLimitSubset
 function isOffsetLimitSubset(subset, superset): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:813](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L813)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:844](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L844)
 
 Check if one offset+limit range is a subset of another.
 Returns true if the subset range is fully contained within the superset range.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isOrderBySubset.md b/docs/reference/functions/isOrderBySubset.md
index f6eb48bf8c..c09f6759ee 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isOrderBySubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isOrderBySubset.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isOrderBySubset
 function isOrderBySubset(subset, superset): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:715](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L715)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:746](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L746)
 
 Check if one orderBy clause is a subset of another.
 Returns true if the subset ordering requirements are satisfied by the superset ordering.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isPredicateSubset.md b/docs/reference/functions/isPredicateSubset.md
index 9574ec9c25..8f1eae3a99 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isPredicateSubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isPredicateSubset.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isPredicateSubset
 function isPredicateSubset(subset, superset): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:856](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L856)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:887](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L887)
 
 Check if one predicate (where + orderBy + limit + offset) is a subset of another.
 Returns true if all aspects of the subset predicate are satisfied by the superset.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/isWhereSubset.md b/docs/reference/functions/isWhereSubset.md
index 4817c778e2..f312acd9ae 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/isWhereSubset.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/isWhereSubset.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: isWhereSubset
 function isWhereSubset(subset, superset): boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:21](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L21)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:27](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L27)
 
 Check if one where clause is a logical subset of another.
 Returns true if the subset predicate is more restrictive than (or equal to) the superset predicate.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/minusWherePredicates.md b/docs/reference/functions/minusWherePredicates.md
index 5326ec322b..fda1448b35 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/minusWherePredicates.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/minusWherePredicates.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ function minusWherePredicates(fromPredicate, subtractPredicate):
   | null;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:340](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L340)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:371](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L371)
 
 Compute the difference between two where predicates: `fromPredicate AND NOT(subtractPredicate)`.
 Returns the simplified predicate, or null if the difference cannot be simplified
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/shouldPreserveLiveQueryWindowPageCount.md b/docs/reference/functions/shouldPreserveLiveQueryWindowPageCount.md
index b24121dfa6..8ea0cfff85 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/shouldPreserveLiveQueryWindowPageCount.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/shouldPreserveLiveQueryWindowPageCount.md
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Shared page-depth preservation policy for framework adapters.
 
 #### inputKind
 
-`"query"` \| `"collection"`
+`"collection"` \| `"query"`
 
 #### pageShapeChanged
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Shared page-depth preservation policy for framework adapters.
 
 #### previousInputKind
 
-`"query"` \| `"collection"` \| `undefined`
+`"collection"` \| `"query"` \| `undefined`
 
 #### sameCollection
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/unionWherePredicates.md b/docs/reference/functions/unionWherePredicates.md
index 7792c606b5..1690f81c2b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/unionWherePredicates.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/unionWherePredicates.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: unionWherePredicates
 function unionWherePredicates(predicates): BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:297](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L297)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts:328](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/predicate-utils.ts#L328)
 
 Combine multiple where predicates with OR logic (union).
 Returns a predicate that is satisfied when any input predicate is satisfied.
diff --git a/docs/reference/functions/withCollectionConfigFactory.md b/docs/reference/functions/withCollectionConfigFactory.md
index 3740779562..75c127e490 100644
--- a/docs/reference/functions/withCollectionConfigFactory.md
+++ b/docs/reference/functions/withCollectionConfigFactory.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: withCollectionConfigFactory
 function withCollectionConfigFactory<TConfig>(config, factory): CollectionConfigWithFactory<TConfig>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:80](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L80)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:81](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L81)
 
 Adds a fresh-config materializer to an adapter options object.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/index.md b/docs/reference/index.md
index 71ee396d26..dd0866a331 100644
--- a/docs/reference/index.md
+++ b/docs/reference/index.md
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [SubQueryMustHaveFromClauseError](classes/SubQueryMustHaveFromClauseError.md)
 - [SubscriptionNotFoundError](classes/SubscriptionNotFoundError.md)
 - [SyncCleanupError](classes/SyncCleanupError.md)
+- [SyncTransactionAbortedError](classes/SyncTransactionAbortedError.md)
 - [SyncTransactionAlreadyCommittedError](classes/SyncTransactionAlreadyCommittedError.md)
 - [SyncTransactionAlreadyCommittedWriteError](classes/SyncTransactionAlreadyCommittedWriteError.md)
 - [TanStackDBError](classes/TanStackDBError.md)
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [SubscribeChangesOptions](interfaces/SubscribeChangesOptions.md)
 - [SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions](interfaces/SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions.md)
 - [Subscription](interfaces/Subscription.md)
+- [SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent](interfaces/SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md)
 - [SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent](interfaces/SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent.md)
 - [SubscriptionStatusEvent](interfaces/SubscriptionStatusEvent.md)
 - [SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent](interfaces/SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent.md)
@@ -209,6 +211,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [DeleteMutationFnParams](type-aliases/DeleteMutationFnParams.md)
 - [DeltaEvent](type-aliases/DeltaEvent.md)
 - [DeltaType](type-aliases/DeltaType.md)
+- [DemandKey](type-aliases/DemandKey.md)
 - [EffectQueryInput](type-aliases/EffectQueryInput.md)
 - [ExtractContext](type-aliases/ExtractContext.md)
 - [FieldPath](type-aliases/FieldPath.md)
@@ -255,6 +258,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [OrderByCallback](type-aliases/OrderByCallback.md)
 - [Prettify](type-aliases/Prettify.md)
 - [QueryBuilder](type-aliases/QueryBuilder.md)
+- [QueryIdentity](type-aliases/QueryIdentity.md)
 - [QueryResult](type-aliases/QueryResult.md)
 - [Ref](type-aliases/Ref.md)
 - [RefsForContext](type-aliases/RefsForContext.md)
@@ -278,6 +282,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [StringCollationConfig](type-aliases/StringCollationConfig.md)
 - [SubscriptionEvents](type-aliases/SubscriptionEvents.md)
 - [SubscriptionStatus](type-aliases/SubscriptionStatus.md)
+- [SyncAppliedReceipt](type-aliases/SyncAppliedReceipt.md)
 - [SyncConfigRes](type-aliases/SyncConfigRes.md)
 - [SyncMode](type-aliases/SyncMode.md)
 - [TransactionState](type-aliases/TransactionState.md)
@@ -341,7 +346,9 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [getLiveQueryStatusFlags](functions/getLiveQueryStatusFlags.md)
 - [getLiveQueryWindowCollectionWarning](functions/getLiveQueryWindowCollectionWarning.md)
 - [getLiveQueryWindowInputKind](functions/getLiveQueryWindowInputKind.md)
+- [getLoadSubsetDemandKey](functions/getLoadSubsetDemandKey.md)
 - [getPreparedLiveQueryIdentity](functions/getPreparedLiveQueryIdentity.md)
+- [getQueryIdentity](functions/getQueryIdentity.md)
 - [getQueryPatterns](functions/getQueryPatterns.md)
 - [getStableQueryBuilderHash](functions/getStableQueryBuilderHash.md)
 - [getStableQueryIRHash](functions/getStableQueryIRHash.md)
@@ -357,6 +364,7 @@ title: "@tanstack/db"
 - [isDevModeEnabled](functions/isDevModeEnabled.md)
 - [isLimitSubset](functions/isLimitSubset.md)
 - [isLiveQueryWindowCollection](functions/isLiveQueryWindowCollection.md)
+- [isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy](functions/isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy.md)
 - [isNull](functions/isNull.md)
 - [isOffsetLimitSubset](functions/isOffsetLimitSubset.md)
 - [isOrderBySubset](functions/isOrderBySubset.md)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/BaseCollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/BaseCollectionConfig.md
index 3c096cd42b..b2883557a4 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/BaseCollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/BaseCollectionConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: BaseCollectionConfig
 
 # Interface: BaseCollectionConfig\<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils, TReturn\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:550](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L550)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:591](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L591)
 
 ## Extended by
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:550](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional autoIndex: "off" | "eager";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:600](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L600)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:641](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L641)
 
 Auto-indexing mode for the collection.
 When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions
 optional compare: (x, y) => number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L625)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:666](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L666)
 
 Optional function to compare two items.
 This is used to order the items in the collection.
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ compare: (x, y) => x.createdAt.getTime() - y.createdAt.getTime()
 optional defaultIndexType: IndexConstructor<TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:614](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L614)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:655](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L655)
 
 Default index type to use when creating indexes without an explicit type.
 Required for auto-indexing. Import from '@tanstack/db'.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ const collection = createCollection({
 optional defaultStringCollation: StringCollationConfig;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:771](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L771)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:812](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L812)
 
 Specifies how to compare data in the collection.
 This should be configured to match data ordering on the backend.
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ E.g., when using the Electric DB collection these options
 optional gcTime: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:579](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L579)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:620](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L620)
 
 Time in milliseconds after which the collection will be garbage collected
 when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
 getKey: (item) => TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:574](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L574)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:615](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L615)
 
 Function to extract the ID from an object
 This is required for update/delete operations which now only accept IDs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ getKey: (item) => item.uuid
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L563)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:604](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L604)
 
 ***
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional onDelete: DeleteMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:763](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L763)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:804](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L804)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before a delete operation
 
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ onDelete: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onInsert: InsertMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:676](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L676)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:717](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L717)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an insert operation
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ onInsert: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onUpdate: UpdateMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:720](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L720)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:761](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L761)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an update operation
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ onUpdate: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional schema: TSchema;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L564)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:605](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L605)
 
 ***
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional startSync: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:590](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L590)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:631](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L631)
 
 Whether to eagerly start syncing on collection creation.
 When true, syncing begins immediately. When false, syncing starts when the first subscriber attaches.
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ false
 optional syncMode: SyncMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:634](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L634)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:675](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L675)
 
 The mode of sync to use for the collection.
 
@@ -449,4 +449,4 @@ The exact implementation of the sync mode is up to the sync implementation.
 optional utils: TUtils;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:773](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L773)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:814](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L814)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/ChangeMessage.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/ChangeMessage.md
index e442a3a16d..87757ac012 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/ChangeMessage.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/ChangeMessage.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: ChangeMessage
 
 # Interface: ChangeMessage\<T, TKey\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:409](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L409)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:450](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L450)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:409](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 key: TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:413](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L413)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:454](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L454)
 
 ***
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:413](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:417](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L417)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:458](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L458)
 
 ***
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:417](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional previousValue: T;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:415](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L415)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:456](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L456)
 
 ***
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:415](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 type: OperationType;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:416](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L416)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:457](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L457)
 
 ***
 
@@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:416](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 value: T;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:414](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L414)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:455](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L455)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/CollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/CollectionConfig.md
index 42c20c0e10..01fbc7415c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/CollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/CollectionConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: CollectionConfig
 
 # Interface: CollectionConfig\<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:776](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L776)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:817](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L817)
 
 ## Extends
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:776](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional autoIndex: "off" | "eager";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:600](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L600)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:641](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L641)
 
 Auto-indexing mode for the collection.
 When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions
 optional compare: (x, y) => number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L625)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:666](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L666)
 
 Optional function to compare two items.
 This is used to order the items in the collection.
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ compare: (x, y) => x.createdAt.getTime() - y.createdAt.getTime()
 optional defaultIndexType: IndexConstructor<TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:614](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L614)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:655](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L655)
 
 Default index type to use when creating indexes without an explicit type.
 Required for auto-indexing. Import from '@tanstack/db'.
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ const collection = createCollection({
 optional defaultStringCollation: StringCollationConfig;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:771](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L771)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:812](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L812)
 
 Specifies how to compare data in the collection.
 This should be configured to match data ordering on the backend.
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ E.g., when using the Electric DB collection these options
 optional gcTime: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:579](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L579)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:620](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L620)
 
 Time in milliseconds after which the collection will be garbage collected
 when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
 getKey: (item) => TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:574](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L574)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:615](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L615)
 
 Function to extract the ID from an object
 This is required for update/delete operations which now only accept IDs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ getKey: (item) => item.uuid
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L563)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:604](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L604)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional onDelete: DeleteMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:763](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L763)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:804](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L804)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before a delete operation
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ onDelete: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onInsert: InsertMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:676](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L676)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:717](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L717)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an insert operation
 
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ onInsert: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onUpdate: UpdateMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:720](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L720)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:761](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L761)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an update operation
 
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ onUpdate: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional schema: TSchema;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L564)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:605](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L605)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional startSync: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:590](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L590)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:631](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L631)
 
 Whether to eagerly start syncing on collection creation.
 When true, syncing begins immediately. When false, syncing starts when the first subscriber attaches.
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ false
 sync: SyncConfig<T, TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:782](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L782)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:823](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L823)
 
 ***
 
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:782](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional syncMode: SyncMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:634](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L634)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:675](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L675)
 
 The mode of sync to use for the collection.
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ The exact implementation of the sync mode is up to the sync implementation.
 optional utils: TUtils;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:773](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L773)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:814](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L814)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/CreateOptimisticActionsOptions.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/CreateOptimisticActionsOptions.md
index c76b7a4d0e..e9610d1d57 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/CreateOptimisticActionsOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/CreateOptimisticActionsOptions.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: CreateOptimisticActionsOptions
 
 # Interface: CreateOptimisticActionsOptions\<TVars, T\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:181](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L181)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:187](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L187)
 
 Options for the createOptimisticAction helper
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Options for the createOptimisticAction helper
 optional autoCommit: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:172](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L172)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:178](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L178)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:172](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:170](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L170)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:176](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L176)
 
 Unique identifier for the transaction
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Unique identifier for the transaction
 optional metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:175](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L175)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:181](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L181)
 
 Custom metadata to associate with the transaction
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Custom metadata to associate with the transaction
 mutationFn: (vars, params) => Promise<any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:188](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L188)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:194](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L194)
 
 Function to execute the mutation on the server
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Function to execute the mutation on the server
 onMutate: (vars) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:186](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L186)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:192](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L192)
 
 Function to apply optimistic updates locally before the mutation completes
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/CurrentStateAsChangesOptions.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/CurrentStateAsChangesOptions.md
index a0904b646a..c72e28679a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/CurrentStateAsChangesOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/CurrentStateAsChangesOptions.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: CurrentStateAsChangesOptions
 
 # Interface: CurrentStateAsChangesOptions
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:909](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L909)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:952](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L952)
 
 Options for getting current state as changes
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Options for getting current state as changes
 optional limit: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:913](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L913)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:956](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L956)
 
 ***
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:913](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional optimizedOnly: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:914](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L914)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:957](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L957)
 
 ***
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:914](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional orderBy: OrderBy;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:912](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L912)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:955](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L955)
 
 ***
 
@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:912](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional where: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:911](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L911)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:954](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L954)
 
 Pre-compiled expression for filtering the current state
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/InsertConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/InsertConfig.md
index 2b213abc79..aefebd1e2b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/InsertConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/InsertConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: InsertConfig
 
 # Interface: InsertConfig
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:467](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L467)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:508](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L508)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:467](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:468](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L468)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:509](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L509)
 
 ***
 
@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:468](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional optimistic: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:470](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L470)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:511](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L511)
 
 Whether to apply optimistic updates immediately. Defaults to true.
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalOnlyCollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalOnlyCollectionConfig.md
index c47b6a6346..685c041341 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalOnlyCollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalOnlyCollectionConfig.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The type of the key returned by `getKey`
 optional autoIndex: "off" | "eager";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:600](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L600)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:641](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L641)
 
 Auto-indexing mode for the collection.
 When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions.
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions
 optional compare: (x, y) => number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L625)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:666](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L666)
 
 Optional function to compare two items.
 This is used to order the items in the collection.
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Omit.compare
 optional defaultIndexType: IndexConstructor<TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:614](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L614)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:655](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L655)
 
 Default index type to use when creating indexes without an explicit type.
 Required for auto-indexing. Import from '@tanstack/db'.
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Omit.defaultIndexType
 optional defaultStringCollation: StringCollationConfig;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:771](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L771)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:812](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L812)
 
 Specifies how to compare data in the collection.
 This should be configured to match data ordering on the backend.
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Omit.defaultStringCollation
 getKey: (item) => TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:574](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L574)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:615](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L615)
 
 Function to extract the ID from an object
 This is required for update/delete operations which now only accept IDs
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Omit.getKey
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L563)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:604](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L604)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ This data will be applied during the initial sync process
 optional onDelete: DeleteMutationFn<T, TKey, LocalOnlyCollectionUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:763](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L763)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:804](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L804)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before a delete operation
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ Omit.onDelete
 optional onInsert: InsertMutationFn<T, TKey, LocalOnlyCollectionUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:676](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L676)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:717](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L717)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an insert operation
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ Omit.onInsert
 optional onUpdate: UpdateMutationFn<T, TKey, LocalOnlyCollectionUtils, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:720](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L720)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:761](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L761)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an update operation
 
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ Omit.onUpdate
 optional schema: TSchema;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L564)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:605](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L605)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ Omit.schema
 optional syncMode: SyncMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:634](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L634)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:675](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L675)
 
 The mode of sync to use for the collection.
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ The exact implementation of the sync mode is up to the sync implementation.
 optional utils: LocalOnlyCollectionUtils;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:773](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L773)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:814](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L814)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalStorageCollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalStorageCollectionConfig.md
index eab51ff09a..6c950d78ae 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalStorageCollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/LocalStorageCollectionConfig.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The type of the key returned by `getKey`
 optional autoIndex: "off" | "eager";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:600](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L600)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:641](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L641)
 
 Auto-indexing mode for the collection.
 When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions.
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ When enabled, indexes will be automatically created for simple where expressions
 optional compare: (x, y) => number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L625)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:666](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L666)
 
 Optional function to compare two items.
 This is used to order the items in the collection.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ compare: (x, y) => x.createdAt.getTime() - y.createdAt.getTime()
 optional defaultIndexType: IndexConstructor<TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:614](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L614)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:655](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L655)
 
 Default index type to use when creating indexes without an explicit type.
 Required for auto-indexing. Import from '@tanstack/db'.
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ const collection = createCollection({
 optional defaultStringCollation: StringCollationConfig;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:771](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L771)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:812](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L812)
 
 Specifies how to compare data in the collection.
 This should be configured to match data ordering on the backend.
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ E.g., when using the Electric DB collection these options
 optional gcTime: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:579](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L579)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:620](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L620)
 
 Time in milliseconds after which the collection will be garbage collected
 when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
 getKey: (item) => TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:574](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L574)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:615](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L615)
 
 Function to extract the ID from an object
 This is required for update/delete operations which now only accept IDs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ getKey: (item) => item.uuid
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L563)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:604](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L604)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:563](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional onDelete: DeleteMutationFn<T, TKey, UtilsRecord, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:763](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L763)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:804](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L804)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before a delete operation
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ onDelete: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onInsert: InsertMutationFn<T, TKey, UtilsRecord, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:676](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L676)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:717](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L717)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an insert operation
 
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ onInsert: async ({ transaction, collection }) => {
 optional onUpdate: UpdateMutationFn<T, TKey, UtilsRecord, any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:720](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L720)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:761](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L761)
 
 Optional asynchronous handler function called before an update operation
 
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ Defaults to JSON
 optional schema: TSchema;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L564)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:605](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L605)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:564](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional startSync: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:590](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L590)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:631](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L631)
 
 Whether to eagerly start syncing on collection creation.
 When true, syncing begins immediately. When false, syncing starts when the first subscriber attaches.
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ The key to use for storing the collection data in localStorage/sessionStorage
 optional syncMode: SyncMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:634](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L634)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:675](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L675)
 
 The mode of sync to use for the collection.
 
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ The exact implementation of the sync mode is up to the sync implementation.
 optional utils: UtilsRecord;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:773](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L773)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:814](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L814)
 
 #### Inherited from
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/OperationConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/OperationConfig.md
index 6e3611406e..4aa60a86e5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/OperationConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/OperationConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: OperationConfig
 
 # Interface: OperationConfig
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:461](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L461)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:502](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L502)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:461](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:462](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L462)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:503](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L503)
 
 ***
 
@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:462](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional optimistic: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:464](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L464)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:505](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L505)
 
 Whether to apply optimistic updates immediately. Defaults to true.
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesOptions.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesOptions.md
index 8c28577fb8..8fdb341b92 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesOptions.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscribeChangesOptions
 
 # Interface: SubscribeChangesOptions\<T, TKey\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:851](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L851)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:892](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L892)
 
 Options for subscribing to collection changes
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Options for subscribing to collection changes
 optional includeInitialState: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:856](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L856)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:897](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L897)
 
 Whether to include the current state as initial changes
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Whether to include the current state as initial changes
 optional limit: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:889](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L889)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:930](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L930)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -47,13 +47,37 @@ Optional limit to include in loadSubset for query-specific cache keys.
 
 ***
 
+### onLoadSubsetError()?
+
+```ts
+optional onLoadSubsetError: (event) => void;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:938](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L938)
+
+**`Internal`**
+
+Receives subset-load failures scoped to this subscription.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+##### event
+
+[`SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent`](SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md)
+
+#### Returns
+
+`void`
+
+***
+
 ### onLoadSubsetResult()?
 
 ```ts
 optional onLoadSubsetResult: (result) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:895](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L895)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:936](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L936)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -78,7 +102,7 @@ Allows the caller to directly track the loading promise for isReady status.
 optional onStatusChange: (event) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:879](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L879)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:920](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L920)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -103,7 +127,7 @@ Registered BEFORE any snapshot is requested, ensuring no status transitions are
 optional orderBy: OrderBy;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:884](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L884)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:925](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L925)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -117,7 +141,7 @@ Optional orderBy to include in loadSubset for query-specific cache keys.
 optional where: (row) => any;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:871](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L871)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:912](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L912)
 
 Callback function for filtering changes using a row proxy.
 The callback receives a proxy object that records property access,
@@ -151,6 +175,6 @@ collection.subscribeChanges(callback, {
 optional whereExpression: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:873](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L873)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:914](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L914)
 
 Pre-compiled expression for filtering changes
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions.md
index 2f011f5c0f..3e14fed580 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions
 
 # Interface: SubscribeChangesSnapshotOptions\<T, TKey\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:898](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L898)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:941](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L941)
 
 ## Extends
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:898](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional limit: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:903](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L903)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:946](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L946)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -41,13 +41,43 @@ Optional limit to include in loadSubset for query-specific cache keys.
 
 ***
 
+### onLoadSubsetError()?
+
+```ts
+optional onLoadSubsetError: (event) => void;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:938](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L938)
+
+**`Internal`**
+
+Receives subset-load failures scoped to this subscription.
+
+#### Parameters
+
+##### event
+
+[`SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent`](SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md)
+
+#### Returns
+
+`void`
+
+#### Inherited from
+
+```ts
+Omit.onLoadSubsetError
+```
+
+***
+
 ### onLoadSubsetResult()?
 
 ```ts
 optional onLoadSubsetResult: (result) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:895](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L895)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:936](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L936)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -78,7 +108,7 @@ Omit.onLoadSubsetResult
 optional onStatusChange: (event) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:879](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L879)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:920](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L920)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -109,7 +139,7 @@ Omit.onStatusChange
 optional orderBy: OrderBy;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:902](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L902)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:945](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L945)
 
 **`Internal`**
 
@@ -127,7 +157,7 @@ Optional orderBy to include in loadSubset for query-specific cache keys.
 optional where: (row) => any;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:871](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L871)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:912](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L912)
 
 Callback function for filtering changes using a row proxy.
 The callback receives a proxy object that records property access,
@@ -167,7 +197,7 @@ Omit.where
 optional whereExpression: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:873](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L873)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:914](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L914)
 
 Pre-compiled expression for filtering changes
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/Subscription.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/Subscription.md
index b3ff2b6671..f48a85f09a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/Subscription.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/Subscription.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: Subscription
 
 # Interface: Subscription
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:254](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L254)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:269](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L269)
 
 Public interface for a collection subscription
 Used by sync implementations to track subscription lifecycle
@@ -16,13 +16,25 @@ Used by sync implementations to track subscription lifecycle
 
 ## Properties
 
+### lastError
+
+```ts
+readonly lastError: unknown;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:273](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L273)
+
+Most recent subset-load failure observed by this subscription.
+
+***
+
 ### status
 
 ```ts
 readonly status: SubscriptionStatus;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:256](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L256)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:271](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L271)
 
 Current status of the subscription
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef10d20a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent.md
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+---
+id: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent
+title: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent
+---
+
+# Interface: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:239](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L239)
+
+Event emitted when a subset requested by this subscription fails to load.
+
+## Properties
+
+### error
+
+```ts
+error: unknown;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:243](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L243)
+
+***
+
+### options
+
+```ts
+options: LoadSubsetOptions;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:242](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L242)
+
+***
+
+### subscription
+
+```ts
+subscription: Subscription;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:241](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L241)
+
+***
+
+### type
+
+```ts
+type: "loadSubset:error";
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:240](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L240)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent.md
index 87c7e584a3..baffa9cbe6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent
 
 # Interface: SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:215](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L215)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:221](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L221)
 
 Event emitted when subscription status changes
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Event emitted when subscription status changes
 previousStatus: SubscriptionStatus;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:218](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L218)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:224](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L224)
 
 ***
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:218](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 status: SubscriptionStatus;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:219](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L219)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:225](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L225)
 
 ***
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:219](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 subscription: Subscription;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:217](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L217)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:223](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L223)
 
 ***
 
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:217](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 type: "status:change";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:216](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L216)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:222](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L222)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusEvent.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusEvent.md
index 5a3aee984d..a8db29fb42 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusEvent.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionStatusEvent.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscriptionStatusEvent
 
 # Interface: SubscriptionStatusEvent\<T\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:225](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L225)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:231](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L231)
 
 Event emitted when subscription status changes to a specific status
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Event emitted when subscription status changes to a specific status
 previousStatus: SubscriptionStatus;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:228](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L228)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:234](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L234)
 
 ***
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:228](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 status: T;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:229](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L229)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:235](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L235)
 
 ***
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:229](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 subscription: Subscription;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:227](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L227)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:233](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L233)
 
 ***
 
@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:227](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 type: `status:${T}`;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:226](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L226)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:232](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L232)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent.md
index a62ce55f61..00829571da 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent
 
 # Interface: SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:235](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L235)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:249](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L249)
 
 Event emitted when subscription is unsubscribed
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Event emitted when subscription is unsubscribed
 subscription: Subscription;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:237](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L237)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:251](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L251)
 
 ***
 
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:237](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 type: "unsubscribed";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:236](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L236)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:250](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L250)
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncConfig.md
index 6d487c3266..5a28ed8647 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SyncConfig
 
 # Interface: SyncConfig\<T, TKey\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:333](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L333)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:365](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L365)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:333](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional exportSyncMeta: () => unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:368](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L368)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:409](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L409)
 
 Export adapter-specific metadata that lets hydration/persistence resume sync.
 The payload shape is owned by the adapter.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ The payload shape is owned by the adapter.
 optional getSyncMetadata: () => Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:362](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L362)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:403](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L403)
 
 Get the sync metadata for insert operations
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Record containing relation information
 optional importSyncMeta: (meta) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:373](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L373)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:414](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L414)
 
 Import adapter-specific metadata produced by exportSyncMeta.
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Import adapter-specific metadata produced by exportSyncMeta.
 optional mergeSyncMeta: (current, incoming) => unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:378](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L378)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:419](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L419)
 
 Merge two adapter-specific metadata payloads during hydration.
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Merge two adapter-specific metadata payloads during hydration.
 optional rowUpdateMode: "full" | "partial";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:387](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L387)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:428](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L428)
 
 The row update mode used to sync to the collection.
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ sync: (params) =>
   | SyncConfigRes;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:337](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L337)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:369](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L369)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -150,7 +150,15 @@ Begin a new sync transaction.
 
 ###### commit
 
-() => `void`
+(`signal?`) => [`SyncAppliedReceipt`](../type-aliases/SyncAppliedReceipt.md)
+
+Commit the active sync transaction in FIFO order.
+Returns `true` when the writes and events are already visible. Otherwise
+returns a receipt that resolves after they become visible. If collection
+cleanup or an optional request abort abandons the transaction first, the
+receipt rejects with an error named `AbortError`.
+Pass a signal only for request-scoped work that must not publish after
+cancellation. Aborting after application has no effect.
 
 ###### markError
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncMetadataApi.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncMetadataApi.md
index 148c34e0e0..88d61b1a99 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncMetadataApi.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/SyncMetadataApi.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: SyncMetadataApi
 
 # Interface: SyncMetadataApi\<TKey\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:390](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L390)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:431](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L431)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:390](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 collection: object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:398](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L398)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:439](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L439)
 
 #### delete()
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ set: (key, value) => void;
 row: object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:393](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L393)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:434](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L434)
 
 #### delete()
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/interfaces/TransactionConfig.md b/docs/reference/interfaces/TransactionConfig.md
index c146f2f113..9c5d5bbe37 100644
--- a/docs/reference/interfaces/TransactionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/interfaces/TransactionConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: TransactionConfig
 
 # Interface: TransactionConfig\<T\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:168](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L168)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:174](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L174)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:168](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional autoCommit: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:172](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L172)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:178](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L178)
 
 ***
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:172](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional id: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:170](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L170)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:176](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L176)
 
 Unique identifier for the transaction
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Unique identifier for the transaction
 optional metadata: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:175](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L175)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:181](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L181)
 
 Custom metadata to associate with the transaction
 
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ Custom metadata to associate with the transaction
 mutationFn: MutationFn<T>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:173](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L173)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:179](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L179)
diff --git a/docs/reference/powersync-db-collection/functions/powerSyncCollectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/powersync-db-collection/functions/powerSyncCollectionOptions.md
index ca73a4a4bc..9954738cc6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/powersync-db-collection/functions/powerSyncCollectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/powersync-db-collection/functions/powerSyncCollectionOptions.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Implementation of powerSyncCollectionOptions that handles both schema and non-sc
 function powerSyncCollectionOptions<TTable>(config): EnhancedPowerSyncCollectionConfig<TTable, OptionalExtractedTable<TTable>, never>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [powersync.ts:78](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L78)
+Defined in: [powersync.ts:79](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L79)
 
 Creates a PowerSync collection configuration with basic default validation.
 Input and Output types are the SQLite column types.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ const collection = createCollection(
 function powerSyncCollectionOptions<TTable, TSchema>(config): CollectionConfig<InferPowerSyncOutputType<TTable, TSchema>, string, TSchema, PowerSyncCollectionUtils<TTable>> & object & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [powersync.ts:135](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L135)
+Defined in: [powersync.ts:136](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L136)
 
 Creates a PowerSync collection configuration with schema validation.
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ const collection = createCollection(
 function powerSyncCollectionOptions<TTable, TSchema>(config): CollectionConfig<InferPowerSyncOutputType<TTable, TSchema>, string, TSchema, PowerSyncCollectionUtils<TTable>> & object & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [powersync.ts:203](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L203)
+Defined in: [powersync.ts:204](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/powersync-db-collection/src/powersync.ts#L204)
 
 Creates a PowerSync collection configuration with schema validation.
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/functions/queryCollectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/functions/queryCollectionOptions.md
index 8984ed90db..57effeb401 100644
--- a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/functions/queryCollectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/functions/queryCollectionOptions.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ title: queryCollectionOptions
 function queryCollectionOptions<T, TQueryFn, TError, TQueryKey, TKey, TQueryData>(config): CollectionConfig<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, T, QueryCollectionUtils<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, InferSchemaInput<T>, TError>> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:531](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L531)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:535](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L535)
 
 Creates query collection options for use with a standard Collection.
 This integrates TanStack Query with TanStack DB for automatic synchronization.
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ const todosCollection = createCollection(
 function queryCollectionOptions<T, TQueryFn, TError, TQueryKey, TKey, TQueryData>(config): CollectionConfig<T, TKey, never, QueryCollectionUtils<T, TKey, T, TError>> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:566](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L566)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:570](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L570)
 
 Creates query collection options for use with a standard Collection.
 This integrates TanStack Query with TanStack DB for automatic synchronization.
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ const todosCollection = createCollection(
 function queryCollectionOptions<T, TError, TQueryKey, TKey>(config): CollectionConfig<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, T, QueryCollectionUtils<InferSchemaOutput<T>, TKey, InferSchemaInput<T>, TError>> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:599](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L599)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:603](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L603)
 
 Creates query collection options for use with a standard Collection.
 This integrates TanStack Query with TanStack DB for automatic synchronization.
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ const todosCollection = createCollection(
 function queryCollectionOptions<T, TError, TQueryKey, TKey>(config): CollectionConfig<T, TKey, never, QueryCollectionUtils<T, TKey, T, TError>> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:633](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L633)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:637](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L637)
 
 Creates query collection options for use with a standard Collection.
 This integrates TanStack Query with TanStack DB for automatic synchronization.
diff --git a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionConfig.md b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionConfig.md
index 123e7606e9..33a7362de2 100644
--- a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionConfig.md
+++ b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionConfig.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: QueryCollectionConfig
 
 # Interface: QueryCollectionConfig\<T, TQueryFn, TError, TQueryKey, TKey, TSchema, TQueryData\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:96](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L96)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:100](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L100)
 
 Configuration options for creating a Query Collection
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The schema type for validation
 optional enabled: Enabled<TQueryData, TError, TQueryData, TQueryKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:125](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L125)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:129](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L129)
 
 Whether the query should automatically run (default: true)
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Whether the query should automatically run (default: true)
 optional gcTime: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:160](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L160)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:164](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L164)
 
 Time in milliseconds after which the collection will be garbage collected
 when it has no active subscribers. Defaults to 5 minutes (300000ms).
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ BaseCollectionConfig.gcTime
 optional initialData: TQueryData | InitialDataFunction<TQueryData>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:200](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L200)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:204](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L204)
 
 Data used to initialize the TanStack Query cache for an eager collection.
 The value has the original Query response shape and is projected through
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ the collection's select option before rows are materialized.
 optional initialDataUpdatedAt: number | () => number | undefined;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:208](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L208)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:212](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L212)
 
 The timestamp TanStack Query uses to determine initialData freshness.
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ The timestamp TanStack Query uses to determine initialData freshness.
 optional meta: Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:237](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L237)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:241](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L241)
 
 Metadata to pass to the query.
 Available in queryFn via context.meta
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ meta: {
 optional networkMode: NetworkMode;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:188](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L188)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:192](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L192)
 
 ***
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:188](https://github.com/T
 optional persistedGcTime: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:215](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L215)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:219](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L219)
 
 ***
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:215](https://github.com/T
 queryClient: QueryClient;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:121](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L121)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:125](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L125)
 
 The TanStack Query client instance
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ The TanStack Query client instance
 queryFn: TQueryFn extends (context) => any[] | Promise<any[]> ? (context) => T[] | Promise<T[]> : TQueryFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:110](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L110)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:114](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L114)
 
 Function that fetches data from the server. Must return the complete collection state
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Function that fetches data from the server. Must return the complete collection
 queryKey: TQueryKey | TQueryKeyBuilder<TQueryKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:108](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L108)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:112](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L112)
 
 The query key used by TanStack Query to identify this query
 
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ The query key used by TanStack Query to identify this query
 optional refetchInterval: number | false | (query) => number | false | undefined;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:132](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L132)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:136](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L136)
 
 ***
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:132](https://github.com/T
 optional refetchOnMount: boolean | "always" | (query) => boolean | "always";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:181](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L181)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:185](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L185)
 
 ***
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:181](https://github.com/T
 optional refetchOnReconnect: boolean | "always" | (query) => boolean | "always";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:174](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L174)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:178](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L178)
 
 ***
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:174](https://github.com/T
 optional refetchOnWindowFocus: boolean | "always" | (query) => boolean | "always";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:167](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L167)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:171](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L171)
 
 ***
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:167](https://github.com/T
 optional retry: RetryValue<TError>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:139](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L139)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:143](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L143)
 
 ***
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:139](https://github.com/T
 optional retryDelay: RetryDelayValue<TError>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:146](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L146)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:150](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L150)
 
 ***
 
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:146](https://github.com/T
 optional select: (data) => T[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:119](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L119)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:123](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L123)
 
 Extracts the row array TanStack DB materializes from the Query response.
 The Query cache keeps the original response shape.
@@ -291,4 +291,4 @@ The Query cache keeps the original response shape.
 optional staleTime: StaleTimeFunction<TQueryData, TError, TQueryData, TQueryKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:153](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L153)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:157](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L157)
diff --git a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionUtils.md b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionUtils.md
index 2bfe98b3b5..b1c7271fc2 100644
--- a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionUtils.md
+++ b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/interfaces/QueryCollectionUtils.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: QueryCollectionUtils
 
 # Interface: QueryCollectionUtils\<TItem, TKey, TInsertInput, TError\>
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:256](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L256)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:260](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L260)
 
 Utility methods available on Query Collections for direct writes and manual operations.
 Direct writes bypass the normal query/mutation flow and write directly to the synced data store.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The type of errors that can occur during queries
 clearError: () => Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:301](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L301)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:305](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L305)
 
 Clear the error state and trigger a refetch of the query
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Error if the refetch fails
 dataUpdatedAt: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:292](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L292)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:296](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L296)
 
 Get timestamp of last successful data update (in milliseconds)
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Get timestamp of last successful data update (in milliseconds)
 errorCount: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:284](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L284)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:288](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L288)
 
 Get the number of consecutive sync failures.
 Incremented only when query fails completely (not per retry attempt); reset on success.
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Incremented only when query fails completely (not per retry attempt); reset on s
 fetchStatus: "idle" | "fetching" | "paused";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:294](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L294)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:298](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L298)
 
 Get current fetch status
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Get current fetch status
 isError: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:279](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L279)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:283](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L283)
 
 Check if the collection is in an error state
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Check if the collection is in an error state
 isFetching: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:286](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L286)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:290](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L290)
 
 Check if query is currently fetching (initial or background)
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Check if query is currently fetching (initial or background)
 isLoading: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:290](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L290)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:294](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L294)
 
 Check if query is loading for the first time (no data yet)
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Check if query is loading for the first time (no data yet)
 isRefetching: boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:288](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L288)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:292](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L292)
 
 Check if query is refetching in background (not initial fetch)
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ Check if query is refetching in background (not initial fetch)
 lastError: TError | undefined;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:277](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L277)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:281](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L281)
 
 Get the last error encountered by the query (if any); reset on success
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Get the last error encountered by the query (if any); reset on success
 refetch: RefetchFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:263](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L263)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:267](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L267)
 
 Manually trigger a refetch of the query
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Manually trigger a refetch of the query
 writeBatch: (callback) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:273](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L273)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:277](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L277)
 
 Execute multiple write operations as a single atomic batch to the synced data store
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Execute multiple write operations as a single atomic batch to the synced data st
 writeDelete: (keys) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:269](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L269)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:273](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L273)
 
 Delete one or more items directly from the synced data store without triggering a query refetch or optimistic update
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ Delete one or more items directly from the synced data store without triggering
 writeInsert: (data) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:265](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L265)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:269](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L269)
 
 Insert one or more items directly into the synced data store without triggering a query refetch or optimistic update
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Insert one or more items directly into the synced data store without triggering
 writeUpdate: (updates) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:267](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L267)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:271](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L271)
 
 Update one or more items directly in the synced data store without triggering a query refetch or optimistic update
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ Update one or more items directly in the synced data store without triggering a
 writeUpsert: (data) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:271](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L271)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts:275](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts#L275)
 
 Insert or update one or more items directly in the synced data store without triggering a query refetch or optimistic update
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/type-aliases/SyncOperation.md b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/type-aliases/SyncOperation.md
index 9cb0b5eb9a..39261d7328 100644
--- a/docs/reference/query-db-collection/type-aliases/SyncOperation.md
+++ b/docs/reference/query-db-collection/type-aliases/SyncOperation.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type SyncOperation<TRow, TKey, TInsertInput> =
 };
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/manual-sync.ts:20](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/manual-sync.ts#L20)
+Defined in: [packages/query-db-collection/src/manual-sync.ts:24](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/query-db-collection/src/manual-sync.ts#L24)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeListener.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeListener.md
index 67d9cc1d13..c1b49f6509 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeListener.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeListener.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: ChangeListener
 type ChangeListener<T, TKey> = (changes) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:948](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L948)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:991](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L991)
 
 Function type for listening to collection changes
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeMessageOrDeleteKeyMessage.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeMessageOrDeleteKeyMessage.md
index bdb10ceee5..15f2a6708a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeMessageOrDeleteKeyMessage.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangeMessageOrDeleteKeyMessage.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type ChangeMessageOrDeleteKeyMessage<T, TKey> =
 | DeleteKeyMessage<TKey>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:425](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L425)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:466](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L466)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangesPayload.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangesPayload.md
index b777136c36..2064494a6b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangesPayload.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ChangesPayload.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: ChangesPayload
 type ChangesPayload<T, TKey> = ChangeMessage<WithVirtualProps<T, TKey>, TKey>[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:808](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L808)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:849](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L849)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CleanupFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CleanupFn.md
index 2eca22c191..c993e5c907 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CleanupFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CleanupFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CleanupFn
 type CleanupFn = () => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:326](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L326)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:358](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L358)
 
 ## Returns
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionConfigSingleRowOption.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionConfigSingleRowOption.md
index 2f8fde7563..ece7e087e9 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionConfigSingleRowOption.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionConfigSingleRowOption.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CollectionConfigSingleRowOption
 type CollectionConfigSingleRowOption<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils> = CollectionConfig<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils> & MaybeSingleResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:801](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L801)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:842](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L842)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionMaterializeOptions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionMaterializeOptions.md
index 044e46c7b1..8e5331d31e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionMaterializeOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionMaterializeOptions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CollectionMaterializeOptions
 type CollectionMaterializeOptions<T> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:93](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L93)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:94](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L94)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:93](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional initialData: T[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:94](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L94)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:95](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L95)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionOptions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionOptions.md
index 457d84f15c..f701d7d332 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionOptions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CollectionOptions
 type CollectionOptions<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils> = CollectionOptionsIdentity<T, TKey, TSchema, TUtils, DbClient>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:38](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L38)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:39](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L39)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionStatus.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionStatus.md
index a01044c831..26d8095249 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionStatus.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CollectionStatus.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CollectionStatus
 type CollectionStatus = "idle" | "loading" | "ready" | "error" | "cleaned-up";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:536](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L536)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:577](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L577)
 
 Collection status values for lifecycle management
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CursorExpressions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CursorExpressions.md
index 2f84898f30..2f14b5e515 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/CursorExpressions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/CursorExpressions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: CursorExpressions
 type CursorExpressions = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:266](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L266)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:283](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L283)
 
 Cursor expressions for pagination, passed separately from the main `where` clause.
 The sync layer can choose to use cursor-based pagination (combining these with the where)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Neither expression includes the main `where` clause - they are cursor-specific o
 optional lastKey: string | number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:284](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L284)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:301](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L301)
 
 The key of the last item that was loaded.
 Can be used by sync layers for tracking or deduplication.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Can be used by sync layers for tracking or deduplication.
 whereCurrent: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:279](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L279)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:296](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L296)
 
 Expression for rows equal to the current cursor value (first orderBy column only).
 Used to handle tie-breaking/duplicates at the boundary.
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Example: eq(col1, v1) or for Dates: and(gte(col1, v1), lt(col1, v1+1ms))
 whereFrom: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:273](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L273)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:290](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L290)
 
 Expression for rows greater than (after) the cursor value.
 For multi-column orderBy, this is a composite cursor using OR of conditions.
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientEvent.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientEvent.md
index abbdee4b35..5481d5895d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientEvent.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientEvent.md
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ type DbClientEvent =
 };
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:145](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L145)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:146](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L146)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQuery.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQuery.md
index 6c091536cb..a1bcf85c2a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQuery.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQuery.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DbClientLiveQuery
 type DbClientLiveQuery = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:136](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L136)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:137](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L137)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:136](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly dehydratedAt: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:138](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L138)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:139](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L139)
 
 ***
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:138](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly optional error: unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:142](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L142)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:143](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L143)
 
 ***
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:142](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly promise: Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:140](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L140)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:141](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L141)
 
 ***
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:140](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly queryHash: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:137](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L137)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:138](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L138)
 
 ***
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:137](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly optional snapshot: DehydratedLiveQueryResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:141](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L141)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:142](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L142)
 
 ***
 
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:141](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 readonly status: DbClientLiveQueryState;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:139](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L139)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:140](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L140)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQueryState.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQueryState.md
index 18d88b6c6e..44c35dddcf 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQueryState.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientLiveQueryState.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: DbClientLiveQueryState
 type DbClientLiveQueryState = "pending" | "success" | "error";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:134](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L134)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:135](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L135)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientOptions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientOptions.md
index 37b88a4074..5bf1450350 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DbClientOptions.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: DbClientOptions
 type DbClientOptions = Record<string, unknown>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:177](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L177)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:178](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L178)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydrateDbClientOptions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydrateDbClientOptions.md
index a8fa77611c..cd23499b1c 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydrateDbClientOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydrateDbClientOptions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydrateDbClientOptions
 type DehydrateDbClientOptions = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:155](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L155)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:156](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L156)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:155](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional shouldDehydrateCollection: (collection) => boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:156](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L156)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:157](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L157)
 
 #### Parameters
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:156](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional shouldDehydrateLiveQuery: (query) => boolean;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:157](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L157)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:158](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L158)
 
 #### Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionChunk.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionChunk.md
index 44bb44b96f..c6cbcb329a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionChunk.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionChunk.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydratedCollectionChunk
 type DehydratedCollectionChunk<T, TKey> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:106](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L106)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:107](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L107)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:106](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 collectionId: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:110](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L110)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:111](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L111)
 
 ***
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:110](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 rows: DehydratedCollectionRow<T, TKey>[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:111](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L111)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:112](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L112)
 
 ***
 
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:111](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional syncMeta: unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:112](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L112)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:113](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L113)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionRow.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionRow.md
index 22da6a6839..143761ff30 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionRow.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedCollectionRow.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydratedCollectionRow
 type DehydratedCollectionRow<T, TKey> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:97](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L97)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:98](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L98)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:97](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 key: TKey;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:101](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L101)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:102](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L102)
 
 ***
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:101](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional metadata: unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:103](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L103)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:104](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L104)
 
 ***
 
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:103](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 value: T;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:102](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L102)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:103](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L103)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedDbState.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedDbState.md
index 83c4a91b36..97de8572d3 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedDbState.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedDbState.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydratedDbState
 type DehydratedDbState = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:129](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L129)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:130](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L130)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:129](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 collections: DehydratedCollectionChunk[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:130](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L130)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:131](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L131)
 
 ***
 
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:130](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional liveQueries: DehydratedLiveQuery[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:131](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L131)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:132](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L132)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQuery.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQuery.md
index cc61a9f844..c24db1a55d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQuery.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQuery.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydratedLiveQuery
 type DehydratedLiveQuery = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:115](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L115)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:116](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L116)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:115](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 dehydratedAt: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:117](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L117)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:118](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L118)
 
 ***
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:117](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional promise: Promise<DehydratedLiveQueryResult>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:119](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L119)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:120](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L120)
 
 ***
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:119](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 queryHash: string;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:116](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L116)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:117](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L117)
 
 ***
 
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:116](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 optional snapshot: DehydratedLiveQueryResult;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:118](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L118)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:119](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L119)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQueryResult.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQueryResult.md
index 5b6db980ab..d989ecaca6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQueryResult.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DehydratedLiveQueryResult.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DehydratedLiveQueryResult
 type DehydratedLiveQueryResult<T, TKey> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:122](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L122)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:123](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L123)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:122](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/
 rows: DehydratedCollectionRow<T, TKey>[];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:126](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L126)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/client.ts:127](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/client.ts#L127)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteKeyMessage.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteKeyMessage.md
index 0663ddf992..3bf5e04b68 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteKeyMessage.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteKeyMessage.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DeleteKeyMessage
 type DeleteKeyMessage<TKey> = Omit<ChangeMessage<any, TKey>, "value" | "previousValue" | "type"> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:420](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L420)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:461](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L461)
 
 ## Type Declaration
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFn.md
index 95a6e48e6c..b035a7e491 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DeleteMutationFn
 type DeleteMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn> = (params) => Promise<TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:513](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L513)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:554](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L554)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFnParams.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFnParams.md
index f25de7f437..df39a4d526 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFnParams.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DeleteMutationFnParams.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: DeleteMutationFnParams
 type DeleteMutationFnParams<T, TKey, TUtils> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:490](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L490)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:531](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L531)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:490](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 collection: Collection<T, TKey, TUtils>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:496](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L496)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:537](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L537)
 
 ***
 
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:496](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 transaction: TransactionWithMutations<T, "delete">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:495](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L495)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:536](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L536)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/DemandKey.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DemandKey.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32ad56ee05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/DemandKey.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+id: DemandKey
+title: DemandKey
+---
+
+# Type Alias: DemandKey
+
+```ts
+type DemandKey = string & object;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:49](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L49)
+
+Exact identity for one loadSubset demand, including its requested window.
+
+## Type Declaration
+
+### \[demandKeyBrand\]
+
+```ts
+readonly [demandKeyBrand]: true;
+```
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ExtractContext.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ExtractContext.md
index 74edadd12c..19c03629c5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ExtractContext.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ExtractContext.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: ExtractContext
 type ExtractContext<T> = T extends BaseQueryBuilder<infer TContext> ? TContext : T extends QueryBuilder<infer TContext> ? TContext : never;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1489](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1489)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1642](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1642)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InitialQueryBuilder.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InitialQueryBuilder.md
index f13a056f89..6bbf74e4b6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InitialQueryBuilder.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InitialQueryBuilder.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: InitialQueryBuilder
 type InitialQueryBuilder = Pick<BaseQueryBuilder<Context>, "from" | "unionAll">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1472](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1472)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1625](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1625)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InputRow.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InputRow.md
index 99048767e1..1a30859e10 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InputRow.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InputRow.md
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ title: InputRow
 type InputRow = [unknown, Record<string, unknown>];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:816](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L816)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:857](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L857)
 
 An input row from a collection
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFn.md
index 2333994eec..622e13a5dd 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: InsertMutationFn
 type InsertMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn> = (params) => Promise<TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:499](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L499)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:540](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L540)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFnParams.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFnParams.md
index 3e9c17e75d..dc6e09af90 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFnParams.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/InsertMutationFnParams.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: InsertMutationFnParams
 type InsertMutationFnParams<T, TKey, TUtils> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:482](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L482)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:523](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L523)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:482](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 collection: Collection<T, TKey, TUtils>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:488](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L488)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:529](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L529)
 
 ***
 
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:488](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 transaction: TransactionWithMutations<T, "insert">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:487](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L487)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:528](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L528)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedNamespacedRow.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedNamespacedRow.md
index ab0bf56964..ff81b38348 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedNamespacedRow.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedNamespacedRow.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: KeyedNamespacedRow
 type KeyedNamespacedRow = [unknown, NamespacedRow];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:839](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L839)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:880](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L880)
 
 A keyed namespaced row is a row with a key and a namespaced row
 This is the main representation of a row in a query pipeline
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedStream.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedStream.md
index e1618ab6fe..a5b0b355a1 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedStream.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/KeyedStream.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: KeyedStream
 type KeyedStream = IStreamBuilder<InputRow>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:822](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L822)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:863](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L863)
 
 A keyed stream is a stream of rows
 This is used as the inputs from a collection to a query
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LiveQueryCollectionUtils.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LiveQueryCollectionUtils.md
index badc09d5d4..620333d20e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LiveQueryCollectionUtils.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LiveQueryCollectionUtils.md
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ Gets the current window (offset and limit) for an ordered query.
 
 The current window settings, or `undefined` if the query is not windowed
 
+### lastSubsetError
+
+```ts
+readonly lastSubsetError: unknown | undefined;
+```
+
+Most recent subset-load failure observed by this live query.
+
 ### setWindow()
 
 ```ts
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetFn.md
index 69d6ce0b4e..89fccaad76 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ title: LoadSubsetFn
 type LoadSubsetFn = (options) => true | Promise<void>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:322](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L322)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:346](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L346)
+
+Loads one subset and transfers its ongoing resource ownership only after
+returning `true` or a promise. An implementation that throws synchronously
+must release any partially acquired resource before throwing. A successful
+implementation must await or return every applied receipt from the sync
+`commit()` calls that establish the loaded subset.
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md
index 7a9ce74a6d..a2f8153c03 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/LoadSubsetOptions.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: LoadSubsetOptions
 type LoadSubsetOptions = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:287](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L287)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:304](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L304)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:287](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional cursor: CursorExpressions;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:299](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L299)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:316](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L316)
 
 Cursor expressions for cursor-based pagination.
 These are separate from `where` - the sync layer should combine them if using cursor-based pagination.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Neither expression includes the main `where` clause.
 optional limit: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:293](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L293)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:310](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L310)
 
 The limit of the data to load
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The limit of the data to load
 optional offset: number;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:304](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L304)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:321](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L321)
 
 Row offset for offset-based pagination.
 The sync layer can use this instead of `cursor` if it prefers offset-based pagination.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ The sync layer can use this instead of `cursor` if it prefers offset-based pagin
 optional orderBy: OrderBy;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:291](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L291)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:308](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L308)
 
 The order by clause to sort the data
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ The order by clause to sort the data
 optional signal: AbortSignal;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:310](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L310)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:327](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L327)
 
 Aborted when this exact subset request is no longer current. Cancellation
 is cooperative: async sync adapters must check the signal immediately
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ before installing a baseline or later request-scoped rows.
 optional subscription: Subscription;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:319](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L319)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:336](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L336)
 
 The subscription that triggered the load.
 Advanced sync implementations can use this for:
@@ -104,6 +104,6 @@ Available when called from CollectionSubscription, may be undefined for direct c
 optional where: BasicExpression<boolean>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:289](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L289)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:306](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L306)
 
 The where expression to filter the data (does NOT include cursor expressions)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MakeOptional.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MakeOptional.md
index b912dbe215..6a0d4c03a2 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MakeOptional.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MakeOptional.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: MakeOptional
 type MakeOptional<T, K> = Omit<T, K> & Partial<Pick<T, K>>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:1027](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L1027)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:1070](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L1070)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MaybeSingleResult.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MaybeSingleResult.md
index ecc0c88ccb..58da749c14 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MaybeSingleResult.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MaybeSingleResult.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: MaybeSingleResult
 type MaybeSingleResult = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:793](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L793)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:834](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L834)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:793](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional singleResult: true;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:797](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L797)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:838](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L838)
 
 If enabled the collection will return a single object instead of an array
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MutationFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MutationFn.md
index 647bb2cc48..6c129683d4 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/MutationFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/MutationFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ title: MutationFn
 type MutationFn<T> = (params) => Promise<any>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:129](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L129)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:135](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L135)
+
+Persists an optimistic transaction. Do not start or await collection or
+live-query preloads here. Sync commits queue behind this function, so waiting
+for preload work that needs one of those commits can deadlock the mutation.
+Use the collection adapter's mutation acknowledgement helper instead.
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedAndKeyedStream.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedAndKeyedStream.md
index 95c69cf07c..a4e0e4877e 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedAndKeyedStream.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedAndKeyedStream.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: NamespacedAndKeyedStream
 type NamespacedAndKeyedStream = IStreamBuilder<KeyedNamespacedRow>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:846](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L846)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:887](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L887)
 
 A namespaced and keyed stream is a stream of rows
 This is used throughout a query pipeline and as the output from a query without
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedRow.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedRow.md
index 6addb4a708..87f8a1541d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedRow.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NamespacedRow.md
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ title: NamespacedRow
 type NamespacedRow = Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:833](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L833)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:874](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L874)
 
 A namespaced row is a row withing a pipeline that had each table wrapped in its alias
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonEmptyArray.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonEmptyArray.md
index 6b43145f5a..95138b1eb6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonEmptyArray.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonEmptyArray.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: NonEmptyArray
 type NonEmptyArray<T> = [T, ...T[]];
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:136](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L136)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:142](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L142)
 
 Represents a non-empty array (at least one element)
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonSingleResult.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonSingleResult.md
index 3c87ac9f70..91098eb7b5 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonSingleResult.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/NonSingleResult.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: NonSingleResult
 type NonSingleResult = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:789](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L789)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:830](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L830)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:789](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional singleResult: never;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:790](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L790)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:831](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L831)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/OperationType.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/OperationType.md
index f6bdc31170..9b78ab07d4 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/OperationType.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/OperationType.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: OperationType
 type OperationType = "insert" | "update" | "delete";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:205](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L205)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:211](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L211)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/OptimisticChangeMessage.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/OptimisticChangeMessage.md
index f89269bcff..3df67a4e4a 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/OptimisticChangeMessage.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/OptimisticChangeMessage.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type OptimisticChangeMessage<T, TKey> =
   | DeleteKeyMessage<TKey> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:430](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L430)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:471](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L471)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryBuilder.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryBuilder.md
index c275a2969e..545fac31ff 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryBuilder.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryBuilder.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: QueryBuilder
 type QueryBuilder<TContext> = Omit<BaseQueryBuilder<TContext>, "from" | "unionAll" | "_getQuery">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1479](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1479)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1632](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1632)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryIdentity.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryIdentity.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a86fa2cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryIdentity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+---
+id: QueryIdentity
+title: QueryIdentity
+---
+
+# Type Alias: QueryIdentity
+
+```ts
+type QueryIdentity = string & object;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts:44](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts#L44)
+
+Semantic identity for a query plan, independent of its runtime owners.
+
+## Type Declaration
+
+### \[queryIdentityBrand\]
+
+```ts
+readonly [queryIdentityBrand]: true;
+```
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryResult.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryResult.md
index 95fbd291da..c1c3d6fdf8 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryResult.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/QueryResult.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: QueryResult
 type QueryResult<T> = GetResult<ExtractContext<T>>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1497](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1497)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1650](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1650)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ResultStream.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ResultStream.md
index e91162c816..f6d973e921 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/ResultStream.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/ResultStream.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: ResultStream
 type ResultStream = IStreamBuilder<[unknown, [any, string | undefined]]>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:828](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L828)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:869](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L869)
 
 Result stream type representing the output of compiled queries
 Always returns [key, [result, orderByIndex]] where orderByIndex is undefined for unordered queries
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/Row.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/Row.md
index c2039a5edb..b3a6be1d4d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/Row.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/Row.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: Row
 type Row<TExtensions> = Record<string, Value<TExtensions>>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:203](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L203)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:209](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L209)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SingleResult.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SingleResult.md
index 7747106ec0..5a3bfc5ee2 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SingleResult.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SingleResult.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: SingleResult
 type SingleResult = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:785](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L785)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:826](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L826)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:785](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 singleResult: true;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:786](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L786)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:827](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L827)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/Source.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/Source.md
index 7ab6defc0a..42970e6ea1 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/Source.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/Source.md
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ Example: `{ users: usersCollection }`
 
 ```ts
 [alias: string]: 
+  | QueryBuilder<any>
   | CollectionImpl<any, any, {
 }, StandardSchemaV1<unknown, unknown>, any>
-  | CollectionOptionsIdentity<any, any, any, any, any>
-| QueryBuilder<Context>
+| CollectionOptionsIdentity<any, any, any, any, any>
 ```
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchema.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchema.md
index 3c2b8c4996..29ea427be2 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchema.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchema.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: StandardSchema
 type StandardSchema<T> = StandardSchemaV1 & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:447](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L447)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:488](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L488)
 
 The Standard Schema interface.
 This follows the standard-schema specification: https://github.com/standard-schema/standard-schema
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchemaAlias.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchemaAlias.md
index 8e0b4b4ff2..ac47b2719b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchemaAlias.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/StandardSchemaAlias.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: StandardSchemaAlias
 type StandardSchemaAlias<T> = StandardSchema<T>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:459](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L459)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:500](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L500)
 
 Type alias for StandardSchema
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionEvents.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionEvents.md
index 15b3c11814..b5723e749b 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionEvents.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionEvents.md
@@ -9,19 +9,29 @@ title: SubscriptionEvents
 type SubscriptionEvents = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:243](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L243)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:257](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L257)
 
 All subscription events
 
 ## Properties
 
+### loadSubset:error
+
+```ts
+loadSubset:error: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:261](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L261)
+
+***
+
 ### status:change
 
 ```ts
 status:change: SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:244](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L244)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:258](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L258)
 
 ***
 
@@ -31,7 +41,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:244](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 status:loadingSubset: SubscriptionStatusEvent<"loadingSubset">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:246](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L246)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:260](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L260)
 
 ***
 
@@ -41,7 +51,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:246](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 status:ready: SubscriptionStatusEvent<"ready">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:245](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L245)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:259](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L259)
 
 ***
 
@@ -51,4 +61,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:245](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 unsubscribed: SubscriptionUnsubscribedEvent;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:247](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L247)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:262](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L262)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionStatus.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionStatus.md
index 32218fdc9a..aeb093c67f 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionStatus.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SubscriptionStatus.md
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ title: SubscriptionStatus
 type SubscriptionStatus = "ready" | "loadingSubset";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:210](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L210)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:216](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L216)
 
 Subscription status values
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncAppliedReceipt.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncAppliedReceipt.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30814fc720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncAppliedReceipt.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+id: SyncAppliedReceipt
+title: SyncAppliedReceipt
+---
+
+# Type Alias: SyncAppliedReceipt
+
+```ts
+type SyncAppliedReceipt = true | Promise<void>;
+```
+
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:354](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L354)
+
+Confirms whether a committed sync transaction is visible or is waiting for
+its turn in the collection's causal queue. A pending receipt rejects with an
+error named `AbortError` if cancellation wins before application. Once the
+writes are visible, later cancellation has no effect.
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncConfigRes.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncConfigRes.md
index d1f5663ff1..d3ebc7f1ff 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncConfigRes.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncConfigRes.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: SyncConfigRes
 type SyncConfigRes = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:328](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L328)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:360](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L360)
 
 ## Properties
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:328](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional cleanup: CleanupFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:329](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L329)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:361](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L361)
 
 ***
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:329](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional loadSubset: LoadSubsetFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:330](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L330)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:362](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L362)
 
 ***
 
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:330](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 optional unloadSubset: UnloadSubsetFn;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:331](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L331)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:363](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L363)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncMode.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncMode.md
index ddeb2d7ee7..70d77c0e86 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncMode.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/SyncMode.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: SyncMode
 type SyncMode = "eager" | "on-demand";
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:548](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L548)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:589](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L589)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/TransactionWithMutations.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/TransactionWithMutations.md
index cb00d35567..7ec410db3d 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/TransactionWithMutations.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/TransactionWithMutations.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: TransactionWithMutations
 type TransactionWithMutations<T, TOperation> = Omit<Transaction<T>, "mutations"> & object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:142](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L142)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:148](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L148)
 
 Utility type for a Transaction with at least one mutation
 This is used internally by the Transaction.commit method
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UnloadSubsetFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UnloadSubsetFn.md
index 4d576009dd..01db021dec 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UnloadSubsetFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UnloadSubsetFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: UnloadSubsetFn
 type UnloadSubsetFn = (options) => void;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:324](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L324)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:356](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L356)
 
 ## Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFn.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFn.md
index bccf34bcc3..39d5fa0bf6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFn.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFn.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: UpdateMutationFn
 type UpdateMutationFn<T, TKey, TUtils, TReturn> = (params) => Promise<TReturn>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:506](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L506)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:547](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L547)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFnParams.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFnParams.md
index 7ec5c7b3e2..4af74597ab 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFnParams.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/UpdateMutationFnParams.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: UpdateMutationFnParams
 type UpdateMutationFnParams<T, TKey, TUtils> = object;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:473](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L473)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:514](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L514)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:473](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 collection: Collection<T, TKey, TUtils>;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:479](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L479)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:520](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L520)
 
 ***
 
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:479](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/m
 transaction: TransactionWithMutations<T, "update">;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:478](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L478)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:519](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L519)
diff --git a/docs/reference/type-aliases/WritableDeep.md b/docs/reference/type-aliases/WritableDeep.md
index fc9b915381..70e9398787 100644
--- a/docs/reference/type-aliases/WritableDeep.md
+++ b/docs/reference/type-aliases/WritableDeep.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ title: WritableDeep
 type WritableDeep<T> = T extends BuiltIns ? T : T extends (...arguments_) => unknown ? object extends WritableObjectDeep<T> ? T : HasMultipleCallSignatures<T> extends true ? T : (...arguments_) => ReturnType<T> & WritableObjectDeep<T> : T extends ReadonlyMap<unknown, unknown> ? WritableMapDeep<T> : T extends ReadonlySet<unknown> ? WritableSetDeep<T> : T extends ReadonlyArray<unknown> ? WritableArrayDeep<T> : T extends object ? WritableObjectDeep<T> : unknown;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:1008](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L1008)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/types.ts:1051](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/types.ts#L1051)
 
 ## Type Parameters
 
diff --git a/docs/reference/variables/Query.md b/docs/reference/variables/Query.md
index b8554a7a0d..bcf5fc2fa7 100644
--- a/docs/reference/variables/Query.md
+++ b/docs/reference/variables/Query.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ title: Query
 const Query: InitialQueryBuilderConstructor = BaseQueryBuilder;
 ```
 
-Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1486](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1486)
+Defined in: [packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts:1639](https://github.com/TanStack/db/blob/main/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts#L1639)
diff --git a/packages/db/package.json b/packages/db/package.json
index 1857935bba..a184276415 100644
--- a/packages/db/package.json
+++ b/packages/db/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     "dev": "vite build --watch",
     "lint": "eslint . --fix",
     "test": "vitest --run",
-    "test:oracles": "vitest --run tests/query/includes-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-collection-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-cross-formulation-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-temporal-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-optimistic-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-publication-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-query-shape-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-work-counter-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-context-transport-oracle.test.ts"
+    "test:oracles": "vitest --run tests/collection-sync-reentrancy.test.ts tests/collection-subscription-replay-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/coverage-registry-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/load-subset-full-flow-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/load-subset-projection-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-collection-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-cross-formulation-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-temporal-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-optimistic-oracle.property.test.ts tests/query/includes-publication-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-query-shape-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-work-counter-oracle.test.ts tests/query/includes-context-transport-oracle.test.ts"
   },
   "type": "module",
   "main": "dist/cjs/index.cjs",
diff --git a/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts b/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
index 3783422013..4904bb6b81 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/collection/state.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { deepEquals } from '../utils'
 import { SortedMap } from '../SortedMap'
 import { enrichRowWithVirtualProps } from '../virtual-props.js'
 import { SyncTransactionAbortedError } from '../errors.js'
+import { createDeferred } from '../deferred'
 import { DIRECT_TRANSACTION_METADATA_KEY } from './transaction-metadata.js'
 import type {
   VirtualOrigin,
@@ -132,6 +133,7 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
   public recentlySyncedKeys = new Set<TKey>()
   public hasReceivedFirstCommit = false
   public isCommittingSyncTransactions = false
+  private isDrainingSyncTransactions = false
   public isLocalOnly = false
 
   /**
@@ -829,6 +831,28 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
    * This method processes operations from pending transactions and applies them to the synced data
    */
   commitPendingTransactions = () => {
+    if (this.isDrainingSyncTransactions) return
+
+    this.isDrainingSyncTransactions = true
+    let firstPublicationError: { error: unknown } | undefined
+    try {
+      let processed: boolean
+      do {
+        const result = this.commitNextPendingTransactionBatch()
+        processed = result.processed
+        if (processed) firstPublicationError ??= result.publicationError
+      } while (processed)
+    } finally {
+      this.isDrainingSyncTransactions = false
+    }
+
+    if (firstPublicationError) throw firstPublicationError.error
+  }
+
+  private commitNextPendingTransactionBatch(): {
+    processed: boolean
+    publicationError?: { error: unknown }
+  } {
     // Check if there are any persisting transaction
     let hasPersistingTransaction = false
     for (const transaction of this.transactions.values()) {
@@ -875,6 +899,10 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
       },
     )
 
+    if (committedSyncedTransactions.length === 0) {
+      return { processed: false }
+    }
+
     // Process committed transactions if:
     // 1. No persisting user transaction (normal sync flow), OR
     // 2. There's a truncate operation (must be processed immediately), OR
@@ -886,6 +914,10 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
     // non-immediate transactions would be applied later and could overwrite newer state.
     // Processing all committed transactions together preserves causal ordering.
     if (!hasPersistingTransaction || hasTruncateSync || hasImmediateSync) {
+      // This queue remains authoritative while user callbacks run. Transactions
+      // opened by a callback must not be overwritten by this batch's snapshot.
+      this.pendingSyncedTransactions = uncommittedSyncedTransactions
+
       // Application is now the point of no return. Event listeners run before
       // the receipts resolve, so a signal aborted from one of those listeners
       // must not cancel writes that are already becoming visible.
@@ -1356,9 +1388,14 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
       }
 
       // End batching and emit all events (combines any batched events with sync events)
-      this.changes.emitEvents(events, true, layoutChanged)
-
-      this.pendingSyncedTransactions = uncommittedSyncedTransactions
+      let publicationError: { error: unknown } | undefined
+      try {
+        this.changes.emitEvents(events, true, layoutChanged)
+      } catch (error) {
+        // The state is already committed. Finish this batch and drain any work
+        // queued by earlier listeners before surfacing their publication error.
+        publicationError = { error }
+      }
 
       // Clear the pre-sync state since sync operations are complete
       this.preSyncVisibleState.clear()
@@ -1376,7 +1413,45 @@ export class CollectionStateManager<
       for (const transaction of committedSyncedTransactions) {
         transaction.applied.resolve()
       }
+
+      return { processed: true, publicationError }
     }
+
+    return { processed: false }
+  }
+
+  /** Apply source-row garbage collection through the normal sync boundary. */
+  public deleteSyncedRows(keys: ReadonlyArray<TKey>): true | Promise<void> {
+    const existingKeys = keys.filter((key) => this.syncedData.has(key))
+    if (existingKeys.length === 0) return true
+
+    const applied = createDeferred<void>()
+    // Some internal callers only need synchronous completion. Preserve the
+    // receipt for queued cases without allowing an ignored rejection to leak.
+    void applied.promise.catch(() => undefined)
+    const deletedKeys = new Set<TKey>(existingKeys)
+    this.pendingSyncedTransactions.push({
+      committed: true,
+      applicationStarted: false,
+      layoutChanged: false,
+      operations: existingKeys.map(
+        (key): OptimisticChangeMessage<TOutput, TKey> => ({
+          type: `delete`,
+          key,
+        }),
+      ),
+      deletedKeys,
+      rowMetadataWrites: new Map(
+        existingKeys.map((key) => [key, { type: `delete` as const }]),
+      ),
+      collectionMetadataWrites: new Map(),
+      // Coverage GC is part of releasing source ownership, so it cannot wait
+      // behind a user mutation that may itself observe the released rows.
+      immediate: true,
+      applied,
+    })
+    this.commitPendingTransactions()
+    return applied.isPending() ? applied.promise : true
   }
 
   /** Abandons one committed transaction before it becomes visible. */
diff --git a/packages/db/src/collection/subscription.ts b/packages/db/src/collection/subscription.ts
index 27e0d1c9a2..b6427bd0f5 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/collection/subscription.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/collection/subscription.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ type RequestSnapshotOptions = {
   /** Optional limit to pass to loadSubset for backend optimization */
   limit?: number
   /** Callback that receives the normalized loadSubset result for internal tracking */
-  onLoadSubsetResult?: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void
+  onLoadSubsetResult?: (
+    result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ) => void
   /** Called when the local snapshot must fall back from an index to a scan. */
   onUnoptimized?: () => void
 }
@@ -48,7 +51,10 @@ type RequestLimitedSnapshotOptions = {
   /** Whether to track the loadSubset promise on this subscription (default: true) */
   trackLoadSubsetPromise?: boolean
   /** Callback that receives the normalized loadSubset result for internal tracking */
-  onLoadSubsetResult?: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void
+  onLoadSubsetResult?: (
+    result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ) => void
 }
 
 type CollectionSubscriptionOptions = {
@@ -76,9 +82,15 @@ type SubsetAcquisition = {
   removeRequestAbortListener?: () => void
 }
 
+type ReplaySubsetAcquisition = SubsetAcquisition & {
+  abortController: AbortController
+}
+
 type SubsetDemand = SubsetAcquisition & {
   requestOptions: LoadSubsetOptions
+  pendingReplayAcquisitions: Set<ReplaySubsetAcquisition>
   releaseFailed: boolean
+  releaseSettled: boolean
 }
 
 type TruncateReplayAttempt = {
@@ -253,6 +265,9 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
     // the old work before it can install rows into the new generation.
     for (const demand of demandsToReload) {
       demand.abortController?.abort()
+      for (const pending of demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions) {
+        pending.abortController.abort()
+      }
     }
 
     // Start buffering before the truncate commit publishes its deletes. Every
@@ -278,6 +293,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
           this.truncateReplaySession === session &&
           session.currentAttempt === attempt
         const nextAcquisition = this.createSubsetAcquisition(demand)
+        demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.add(nextAcquisition)
         let syncResult: LoadSubsetRequestResult
         try {
           syncResult = this.loadSubset(
@@ -285,6 +301,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
             isCurrentAttempt,
           )
         } catch {
+          demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.delete(nextAcquisition)
           nextAcquisition.abortController.abort()
           nextAcquisition.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
           attempt.failed = true
@@ -305,38 +322,36 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
           const pending = { promise: syncResult }
           attempt.pending.add(pending)
           void syncResult.then(
-            () => this.settleTruncateReplay(session, attempt, pending),
             () => {
+              this.completeReplayAcquisition(
+                session,
+                attempt,
+                demand,
+                nextAcquisition,
+              )
+              this.settleTruncateReplay(session, attempt, pending)
+            },
+            () => {
+              const failedCurrentDemand =
+                this.subsetDemands.includes(demand) &&
+                !nextAcquisition.options.signal?.aborted
               // A released demand no longer participates in the current
               // replacement. Its cooperative AbortError must not discard the
               // successful rows from demands that are still active.
-              if (
-                this.subsetDemands.includes(demand) &&
-                !nextAcquisition.options.signal?.aborted
-              ) {
+              if (failedCurrentDemand) {
                 attempt.failed = true
               }
+              this.discardReplayAcquisition(demand, nextAcquisition)
               this.settleTruncateReplay(session, attempt, pending)
             },
           )
-        }
-
-        try {
-          this.replaceSubsetAcquisition(demand, nextAcquisition)
-        } catch (error) {
-          // The old lease is still owned because its release failed. Abort and
-          // release the new acquisition, but keep observing its work so rows
-          // from a non-cooperative adapter cannot escape the replay buffer.
-          nextAcquisition.abortController.abort()
-          nextAcquisition.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
-          try {
-            this.collection._sync.unloadSubset(nextAcquisition.options)
-          } catch {
-            // Preserve the first ownership error. The demand still retains the
-            // old acquisition so normal cleanup can retry that release.
-          }
-          this.recordLoadSubsetError(demand.options, error, true)
-          attempt.failed = true
+        } else {
+          this.completeReplayAcquisition(
+            session,
+            attempt,
+            demand,
+            nextAcquisition,
+          )
         }
       }
 
@@ -590,22 +605,101 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
     demand.options = next.options
     demand.abortController = next.abortController
     demand.removeRequestAbortListener = next.removeRequestAbortListener
+    demand.releaseFailed = false
+    demand.releaseSettled = false
   }
 
-  /** Abort and release one current adapter acquisition. */
-  private releaseSubsetDemand(demand: SubsetDemand): void {
-    demand.abortController?.abort()
+  /** Attach a successful replay only while every owning authority is current. */
+  private completeReplayAcquisition(
+    session: TruncateReplaySession,
+    attempt: TruncateReplayAttempt,
+    demand: SubsetDemand,
+    next: ReplaySubsetAcquisition,
+  ): void {
+    const mayReplace =
+      this.truncateReplaySession === session &&
+      session.currentAttempt === attempt &&
+      this.subsetDemands.includes(demand) &&
+      demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.has(next) &&
+      !demand.releaseSettled &&
+      !next.options.signal?.aborted
+
+    if (mayReplace) {
+      this.tryReplaceSubsetAcquisition(demand, next, attempt)
+    } else {
+      this.discardReplayAcquisition(demand, next)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private tryReplaceSubsetAcquisition(
+    demand: SubsetDemand,
+    next: ReplaySubsetAcquisition,
+    attempt: TruncateReplayAttempt,
+  ): void {
     try {
-      this.collection._sync.unloadSubset(demand.options)
-      demand.releaseFailed = false
+      this.replaceSubsetAcquisition(demand, next)
+      demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.delete(next)
     } catch (error) {
-      demand.releaseFailed = true
-      throw error
+      // The old lease remains owned when its release fails. Release the new
+      // acquisition and keep the old one available for a cleanup retry.
+      this.discardReplayAcquisition(demand, next)
+      this.recordLoadSubsetError(demand.options, error, true)
+      attempt.failed = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  private discardReplayAcquisition(
+    demand: SubsetDemand,
+    next: ReplaySubsetAcquisition,
+  ): void {
+    try {
+      this.releaseReplayAcquisition(demand, next)
+    } catch {
+      // Keep the failed acquisition on the demand. releaseSnapshot,
+      // unsubscribe, or collection cleanup will retry its exact owner route.
+    }
+  }
+
+  private releaseReplayAcquisition(
+    demand: SubsetDemand,
+    next: ReplaySubsetAcquisition,
+  ): void {
+    if (!demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.has(next)) return
+    next.abortController.abort()
+    try {
+      this.collection._sync.unloadSubset(next.options)
+      demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions.delete(next)
     } finally {
-      demand.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
+      next.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
     }
   }
 
+  /** Abort and release one current adapter acquisition. */
+  private releaseSubsetDemand(demand: SubsetDemand): void {
+    demand.abortController?.abort()
+    let firstReleaseError: unknown
+    for (const pending of [...demand.pendingReplayAcquisitions]) {
+      try {
+        this.releaseReplayAcquisition(demand, pending)
+      } catch (error) {
+        firstReleaseError ??= error
+      }
+    }
+    if (!demand.releaseSettled) {
+      try {
+        this.collection._sync.unloadSubset(demand.options)
+        demand.releaseFailed = false
+        demand.releaseSettled = true
+      } catch (error) {
+        demand.releaseFailed = true
+        firstReleaseError ??= error
+      } finally {
+        demand.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
+      }
+    }
+    if (firstReleaseError !== undefined) throw firstReleaseError
+  }
+
   /** Start and retain the first acquisition for one logical subset demand. */
   private startSubsetDemand(requestOptions: LoadSubsetOptions): {
     demand: SubsetDemand
@@ -614,12 +708,18 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
     const demand: SubsetDemand = {
       requestOptions,
       options: requestOptions,
+      pendingReplayAcquisitions: new Set(),
       releaseFailed: false,
+      releaseSettled: false,
     }
     const acquisition = this.createSubsetAcquisition(demand)
     demand.options = acquisition.options
     demand.abortController = acquisition.abortController
     demand.removeRequestAbortListener = acquisition.removeRequestAbortListener
+    if (acquisition.abortController.signal.aborted) {
+      acquisition.removeRequestAbortListener?.()
+      return { demand, result: true }
+    }
     // Reentrant release must see the exact acquisition before adapter work
     // starts. A genuine load throw removes this tentative logical owner below.
     this.subsetDemands.push(demand)
@@ -732,7 +832,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
     if (opts?.where) this.requestedSubsetWhere.set(loadOptions, opts.where)
 
     // Pass the raw loadSubset result to the caller for external tracking
-    opts?.onLoadSubsetResult?.(syncResult)
+    opts?.onLoadSubsetResult?.(syncResult, demand.options)
 
     this.observeLoadSubsetResult(
       syncResult,
@@ -1002,7 +1102,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscription
     const { demand, result: syncResult } = this.startSubsetDemand(loadOptions)
 
     // Pass the raw loadSubset result to the caller for external tracking
-    onLoadSubsetResult?.(syncResult)
+    onLoadSubsetResult?.(syncResult, demand.options)
     this.observeLoadSubsetResult(
       syncResult,
       demand.options,
diff --git a/packages/db/src/collection/sync.ts b/packages/db/src/collection/sync.ts
index 440b02d56c..3c4ffe0f07 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/collection/sync.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/collection/sync.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ import {
   cloneLoadSubsetOptions,
   snapshotLoadSubsetDemand,
 } from '../query/load-subset-options.js'
+import { createLoadSubsetCoverageRegistry } from '../query/coverage-registry.js'
+import { getLoadSubsetDemandKey } from '../query/ir-stable-identity.js'
+import { isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy } from '../query/predicate-utils.js'
 import type { StandardSchemaV1 } from '@standard-schema/spec'
 import type {
   AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
@@ -39,6 +42,14 @@ import type { CollectionLifecycleManager } from './lifecycle'
 import type { CollectionEventsManager } from './events.js'
 import type { LiveQueryCollectionUtils } from '../query/live/collection-config-builder.js'
 import type { Deferred } from '../deferred'
+import type {
+  AcquisitionToken,
+  AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage,
+  BorrowedCoverageEvidence,
+  CoverageRegistryResourceCounts,
+  DemandLease,
+} from '../query/coverage-registry.js'
+import type { DemandKey } from '../query/ir-stable-identity.js'
 
 type DeferredLoadSubset = {
   ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions
@@ -48,11 +59,19 @@ type DeferredLoadSubset = {
   deferred: Deferred<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome>
 }
 
+type SharedCoverageAcquisition = {
+  acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+}
+
 type DeferredAdapterAcquisition = {
   options: LoadSubsetOptions
   releaseFailed: boolean
 }
 
+type PendingCoverageDemand = {
+  released: boolean
+}
+
 type LoadSubsetOperation = {
   pending: Set<Promise<unknown>>
   outcomes: Map<
@@ -66,6 +85,38 @@ type LoadSubsetOperation = {
   deferred?: Deferred<void>
 }
 
+export type LoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts = Readonly<{
+  rowKeyCopies: number
+  demandSnapshots: number
+  demandKeyDerivations: number
+}>
+
+type SatisfiedEvidenceAuthority = `applied` | `established`
+
+type SatisfiedEvidenceCandidate<TKey extends string | number> = Readonly<{
+  authority: SatisfiedEvidenceAuthority
+  acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+  collectionId: string
+  sourceId: string | undefined
+  demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+  demandKey: DemandKey | undefined
+  sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined
+  sourceExtent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+  rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<TKey> | ReadonlySet<TKey>
+  generation: number
+}>
+
+type ProjectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey extends string | number> = Readonly<{
+  candidate: SatisfiedEvidenceCandidate<TKey>
+  coverage: AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TKey> | undefined
+  outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+}>
+
+type SelectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey extends string | number> = Readonly<{
+  candidate: SatisfiedEvidenceCandidate<TKey>
+  extent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+}>
+
 export class CollectionSyncManager<
   TOutput extends object = Record<string, unknown>,
   TKey extends string | number = string | number,
@@ -96,9 +147,28 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     LoadSubsetOptions,
     Array<DeferredAdapterAcquisition>
   >()
+  private pendingCoverageDemands = new WeakMap<
+    LoadSubsetOptions,
+    Array<PendingCoverageDemand>
+  >()
   private syncEpoch = 0
   private loadSubsetSession = 0
   private loadSubsetGeneration = 0
+  private readonly coverageRegistry = createLoadSubsetCoverageRegistry<TKey>()
+  private coverageLeasesByOwner = new WeakMap<
+    LoadSubsetOptions,
+    Array<DemandLease<LoadSubsetOptions>>
+  >()
+  private coverageAcquisitionsByPromise = new WeakMap<
+    Promise<unknown>,
+    SharedCoverageAcquisition
+  >()
+  private readonly pendingCoverageRowsToRemove = new Set<TKey>()
+  private evidenceWorkCounts = {
+    rowKeyCopies: 0,
+    demandSnapshots: 0,
+    demandKeyDerivations: 0,
+  }
 
   /**
    * Creates a new CollectionSyncManager instance
@@ -119,6 +189,12 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     this.state = deps.state
     this.lifecycle = deps.lifecycle
     this._events = deps.events
+    this._events.on(`truncate`, () => {
+      this.coverageRegistry.invalidateAppliedEvidence()
+      this.coverageAcquisitionsByPromise = new WeakMap()
+      // The truncate transaction already removed every source row.
+      this.pendingCoverageRowsToRemove.clear()
+    })
   }
 
   /** Mark the active sync transaction as changing collection layout. */
@@ -420,32 +496,63 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
         loadSubset && this.syncUnloadSubsetFn
           ? this.retainDeferredAdapterOptions(ownerOptions, options)
           : undefined
+      const pendingCoverageDemand = loadSubset
+        ? this.retainPendingCoverageDemand(ownerOptions)
+        : undefined
       try {
         const result = loadSubset?.(options) ?? true
+        const retainsCoverageDemand =
+          pendingCoverageDemand !== undefined && !pendingCoverageDemand.released
         if (result instanceof Promise) {
+          const coverageOwnership = retainsCoverageDemand
+            ? this.addCoverageOwnership(
+                ownerOptions,
+                demand,
+                generation,
+                result,
+              )
+            : undefined
           void result.then(
-            (sourceResult) =>
-              deferred.resolve(
-                createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
-                  this.id,
-                  demand,
-                  generation,
-                  isLoadSubsetResultForDemand(result, sourceResult, demand)
-                    ? sourceResult
-                    : undefined,
-                ),
-              ),
-            (error: unknown) => deferred.reject(error),
+            (sourceResult) => {
+              const outcome = createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
+                this.id,
+                demand,
+                generation,
+                isLoadSubsetResultForDemand(result, sourceResult, demand)
+                  ? sourceResult
+                  : undefined,
+              )
+              if (coverageOwnership) {
+                this.publishCoverageOutcome(
+                  coverageOwnership.acquisition,
+                  coverageOwnership.lease,
+                  outcome,
+                )
+              }
+              deferred.resolve(outcome)
+            },
+            (error: unknown) => {
+              if (coverageOwnership) {
+                this.discardCoverageLease(
+                  ownerOptions,
+                  coverageOwnership.acquisition,
+                  coverageOwnership.lease,
+                )
+              }
+              deferred.reject(error)
+            },
           )
         } else {
-          deferred.resolve(
-            createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
-              this.id,
-              demand,
-              generation,
-              undefined,
-            ),
+          if (retainsCoverageDemand) {
+            this.addSatisfiedCoverageOwnership(ownerOptions, demand, generation)
+          }
+          const outcome = createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
+            this.id,
+            demand,
+            generation,
+            undefined,
           )
+          deferred.resolve(outcome)
         }
       } catch (error) {
         // A reentrant release marks the tentative acquisition before its
@@ -455,6 +562,10 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
           this.forgetDeferredAdapterOptions(ownerOptions, adapterAcquisition)
         }
         deferred.reject(error)
+      } finally {
+        if (pendingCoverageDemand) {
+          this.forgetPendingCoverageDemand(ownerOptions, pendingCoverageDemand)
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -750,19 +861,8 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
         : isAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(outcome.result)
           ? [outcome.result]
           : []
-      for (const result of results) {
-        let byCollection = operation.outcomes.get(result.sourceId)
-        if (!byCollection) {
-          byCollection = new Map()
-          operation.outcomes.set(result.sourceId, byCollection)
-        }
-        let byGeneration = byCollection.get(result.collectionId)
-        if (!byGeneration) {
-          byGeneration = new Map()
-          byCollection.set(result.collectionId, byGeneration)
-        }
-        byGeneration.set(result.generation, result)
-      }
+      for (const result of results)
+        this.recordOperationOutcome(operation, result)
     }
     if (!operation.waiting || operation.pending.size > 0) return
 
@@ -804,6 +904,32 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     )
   }
 
+  /** @internal Project retained evidence into the active operation. */
+  public trackLoadSubsetOperationOutcome(
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): void {
+    const operation = this.activeLoadSubsetOperation
+    if (!operation || operation.completed) return
+    this.recordOperationOutcome(operation, outcome)
+  }
+
+  private recordOperationOutcome(
+    operation: LoadSubsetOperation,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): void {
+    let byCollection = operation.outcomes.get(outcome.sourceId)
+    if (!byCollection) {
+      byCollection = new Map()
+      operation.outcomes.set(outcome.sourceId, byCollection)
+    }
+    let byGeneration = byCollection.get(outcome.collectionId)
+    if (!byGeneration) {
+      byGeneration = new Map()
+      byCollection.set(outcome.collectionId, byGeneration)
+    }
+    byGeneration.set(outcome.generation, outcome)
+  }
+
   private async waitForPendingLoadSubset(): Promise<void> {
     do {
       await Promise.all([...this.pendingLoadSubsetPromises])
@@ -871,11 +997,16 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
       this.syncStartRequested = true
       const deferred = createDeferred<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome>()
       const loadOptions = cloneLoadSubsetOptions(options)
+      const demand = this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(loadOptions)
+      // Demand identity is part of acquisition scope. Reject unsupported
+      // values before an adapter can perform irreversible work.
+      this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(demand)
+      const generation = ++this.loadSubsetGeneration
       this.deferredLoadSubsets.push({
         ownerOptions: options,
         options: loadOptions,
-        demand: snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(loadOptions),
-        generation: ++this.loadSubsetGeneration,
+        demand,
+        generation,
         deferred,
       })
       this.trackLoadPromise(deferred.promise)
@@ -883,24 +1014,64 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     }
 
     if (this.syncLoadSubsetFn) {
-      const demand = snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(options)
+      const demand = this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(options)
+      // Validate and hash the retained scope before starting adapter work.
+      this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(demand)
       const generation = ++this.loadSubsetGeneration
-      const result = this.syncLoadSubsetFn(options)
+      const pendingCoverageDemand = this.retainPendingCoverageDemand(options)
+      let result: ReturnType<LoadSubsetFn>
+      try {
+        result = this.syncLoadSubsetFn(options)
+      } finally {
+        this.forgetPendingCoverageDemand(options, pendingCoverageDemand)
+      }
+      if (pendingCoverageDemand.released) {
+        if (result instanceof Promise) {
+          const outcome = result.then((sourceResult) =>
+            createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
+              this.id,
+              demand,
+              generation,
+              isLoadSubsetResultForDemand(result, sourceResult, demand)
+                ? sourceResult
+                : undefined,
+            ),
+          )
+          this.trackLoadPromise(outcome)
+          return outcome
+        }
+        return true
+      }
       // If the result is a promise, track it
       if (result instanceof Promise) {
-        const outcome = result.then((sourceResult) =>
-          createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
-            this.id,
-            demand,
-            generation,
-            isLoadSubsetResultForDemand(result, sourceResult, demand)
-              ? sourceResult
-              : undefined,
-          ),
+        const { lease, acquisition } = this.addCoverageOwnership(
+          options,
+          demand,
+          generation,
+          result,
+        )
+        const outcome = result.then(
+          (sourceResult) => {
+            const appliedOutcome = createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
+              this.id,
+              demand,
+              generation,
+              isLoadSubsetResultForDemand(result, sourceResult, demand)
+                ? sourceResult
+                : undefined,
+            )
+            this.publishCoverageOutcome(acquisition, lease, appliedOutcome)
+            return appliedOutcome
+          },
+          (error: unknown) => {
+            this.discardCoverageLease(options, acquisition, lease)
+            throw error
+          },
         )
         this.trackLoadPromise(outcome)
         return outcome
       }
+      this.addSatisfiedCoverageOwnership(options, demand, generation)
     }
 
     return true
@@ -943,6 +1114,464 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
         this.forgetDeferredAdapterOptions(options, acquisition)
       }
     }
+    if (!this.releaseCoverageLease(options)) {
+      this.releasePendingCoverageDemand(options)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Applied source coverage retained by active subset owners. */
+  public getLoadSubsetCoverage(): ReadonlyArray<
+    AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TKey>
+  > {
+    return this.coverageRegistry.coverageAntichain()
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Resource accounting used by lifecycle oracles. */
+  public getLoadSubsetResourceCounts(): CoverageRegistryResourceCounts {
+    return this.coverageRegistry.resourceCounts()
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Work accounting used by evidence-path oracles. */
+  public getLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts(): LoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts {
+    const registry = this.coverageRegistry.evidenceWork()
+    return {
+      rowKeyCopies:
+        this.evidenceWorkCounts.rowKeyCopies + registry.rowKeyCopies,
+      demandSnapshots:
+        this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandSnapshots + registry.demandSnapshots,
+      demandKeyDerivations:
+        this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandKeyDerivations +
+        registry.demandKeyDerivations,
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Resets work accounting without changing collection state. */
+  public resetLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts(): void {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts = {
+      rowKeyCopies: 0,
+      demandSnapshots: 0,
+      demandKeyDerivations: 0,
+    }
+    this.coverageRegistry.resetEvidenceWork()
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Exact active evidence for a physically skipped request. */
+  public getLoadSubsetOutcome(
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome | undefined {
+    const demandKey = this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(demand)
+    let selected: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome | undefined
+    for (const evidence of this.coverageRegistry.borrowEvidence()) {
+      if (evidence.demandKey !== demandKey) continue
+      const outcome =
+        evidence.authority === `established`
+          ? ({
+              collectionId: evidence.coverage.collectionId,
+              ...(evidence.coverage.sourceId === undefined
+                ? {}
+                : { sourceId: evidence.coverage.sourceId }),
+              demand: evidence.coverage.demand,
+              generation: evidence.generation,
+              extent: evidence.coverage.extent,
+              appliedRowKeys: evidence.coverage.rowKeys,
+            } satisfies AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome)
+          : evidence.authority === `retained`
+            ? evidence.outcome
+            : undefined
+      if (
+        outcome?.collectionId === this.id &&
+        (selected === undefined || outcome.generation > selected.generation)
+      ) {
+        selected = outcome
+      }
+    }
+    if (!selected) return undefined
+
+    return {
+      collectionId: this.id,
+      ...(selected.sourceId === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : { sourceId: selected.sourceId }),
+      demand: this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(demand),
+      generation: selected.generation,
+      extent: selected.extent,
+      ...(selected.appliedRowKeys === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : { appliedRowKeys: this.copyEvidenceRows(selected.appliedRowKeys) }),
+    }
+  }
+
+  private addCoverageOwnership(
+    ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    generation: number,
+    physicalPromise: Promise<unknown>,
+  ): {
+    lease: DemandLease<LoadSubsetOptions>
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+  } {
+    const lease = this.coverageRegistry.addLease(demand)
+    const shared = this.coverageAcquisitionsByPromise.get(physicalPromise)
+    let acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+    if (
+      shared !== undefined &&
+      this.coverageRegistry.isAcquisitionAttachable(shared.acquisition)
+    ) {
+      acquisition = shared.acquisition
+      this.coverageRegistry.attachLease(lease, acquisition, {
+        generation,
+        scope: { collectionId: this.id, demand },
+        settlementPending: true,
+      })
+    } else {
+      acquisition = this.coverageRegistry.addAcquisition({
+        generation,
+        scope: { collectionId: this.id, demand },
+        leases: [lease],
+        // Adapter resource release remains owned by unloadSubset. The registry
+        // tracks the same lifetime without duplicating that side effect.
+        release: () => {},
+      })
+      this.coverageAcquisitionsByPromise.set(physicalPromise, {
+        acquisition,
+      })
+    }
+    this.recordCoverageLease(ownerOptions, lease)
+    return { lease, acquisition }
+  }
+
+  private addSatisfiedCoverageOwnership(
+    ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    generation: number,
+  ): void {
+    const lease = this.coverageRegistry.addLease(demand)
+    const demandKey = this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(demand)
+    const sequenceKey = this.deriveEvidenceSequenceKey(demand)
+    const selected = this.selectSatisfiedEvidence(
+      this.coverageRegistry.borrowEvidence(),
+      demand,
+      demandKey,
+      sequenceKey,
+      generation,
+    )
+    if (selected) {
+      this.coverageRegistry.attachLease(lease, selected.candidate.acquisition, {
+        generation,
+        scope: { collectionId: this.id, demand },
+        ...(selected.coverage === undefined
+          ? {}
+          : { coverage: selected.coverage }),
+        retainedOutcome: selected.outcome,
+      })
+    }
+    this.recordCoverageLease(ownerOptions, lease)
+  }
+
+  private selectSatisfiedEvidence(
+    evidence: Iterable<
+      BorrowedCoverageEvidence<AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TKey>, TKey>
+    >,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demandKey: DemandKey | undefined,
+    sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined,
+    generation: number,
+  ): ProjectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> | undefined {
+    let established: SelectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> | undefined
+    let applied: SelectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> | undefined
+
+    for (const item of evidence) {
+      if (item.authority === `retained`) continue
+      if (item.authority === `established`) {
+        established = this.preferSatisfiedEvidence(
+          `established`,
+          established,
+          item,
+          demand,
+          demandKey,
+          sequenceKey,
+        )
+      } else {
+        applied = this.preferSatisfiedEvidence(
+          `applied`,
+          applied,
+          item,
+          demand,
+          demandKey,
+          sequenceKey,
+        )
+      }
+    }
+
+    const selected = established ?? applied
+    return selected === undefined
+      ? undefined
+      : this.projectSatisfiedEvidence(
+          selected.candidate,
+          demand,
+          generation,
+          selected.extent,
+        )
+  }
+
+  private preferSatisfiedEvidence(
+    authority: SatisfiedEvidenceAuthority,
+    selected: SelectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> | undefined,
+    evidence: BorrowedCoverageEvidence<AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TKey>, TKey>,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demandKey: DemandKey | undefined,
+    sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined,
+  ): SelectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> | undefined {
+    const candidate = this.toSatisfiedEvidenceCandidate(authority, evidence)
+    if (!candidate || candidate.collectionId !== this.id) return selected
+    const exact = candidate.demandKey === demandKey
+    if (
+      authority === `established` &&
+      !isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy(demand, candidate.demand)
+    ) {
+      return selected
+    }
+    if (
+      authority === `applied` &&
+      !exact &&
+      !isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy(demand, candidate.demand)
+    ) {
+      return selected
+    }
+
+    const extent = exact
+      ? authority === `established`
+        ? candidate.sourceExtent
+        : `unknown`
+      : this.provesRowsBeyondDemand(candidate, demand, sequenceKey)
+        ? `continues`
+        : authority === `established`
+          ? candidate.sourceExtent === `exhausted`
+            ? `exhausted`
+            : `unknown`
+          : undefined
+    if (extent === undefined) return selected
+
+    const selectedExact = selected?.candidate.demandKey === demandKey
+    const selectedContinues = selected?.extent === `continues`
+    const candidateContinues = extent === `continues`
+    if (
+      selected === undefined ||
+      (exact && !selectedExact) ||
+      (exact === selectedExact && candidateContinues && !selectedContinues) ||
+      (exact === selectedExact &&
+        candidateContinues === selectedContinues &&
+        candidate.generation > selected.candidate.generation)
+    ) {
+      return { candidate, extent }
+    }
+    return selected
+  }
+
+  private toSatisfiedEvidenceCandidate(
+    authority: SatisfiedEvidenceAuthority,
+    evidence: BorrowedCoverageEvidence<AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TKey>, TKey>,
+  ): SatisfiedEvidenceCandidate<TKey> | undefined {
+    if (authority === `established`) {
+      if (evidence.authority !== `established`) return undefined
+      return {
+        authority,
+        acquisition: evidence.acquisition,
+        collectionId: evidence.coverage.collectionId,
+        sourceId: evidence.coverage.sourceId,
+        demand: evidence.coverage.demand,
+        demandKey: evidence.demandKey,
+        sequenceKey: evidence.sequenceKey,
+        sourceExtent: evidence.coverage.extent,
+        rowKeys: evidence.coverage.rowKeys,
+        generation: evidence.generation,
+      }
+    }
+    if (evidence.authority !== `applied`) return undefined
+    return {
+      authority,
+      acquisition: evidence.acquisition,
+      collectionId: evidence.collectionId,
+      sourceId: evidence.sourceId,
+      demand: evidence.demand,
+      demandKey: evidence.demandKey,
+      sequenceKey: evidence.sequenceKey,
+      sourceExtent: `unknown`,
+      rowKeys: evidence.rowKeys,
+      generation: evidence.generation,
+    }
+  }
+
+  private projectSatisfiedEvidence(
+    candidate: SatisfiedEvidenceCandidate<TKey>,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    generation: number,
+    extent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`],
+  ): ProjectedSatisfiedEvidence<TKey> {
+    const retainedDemand = this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(demand)
+    const rowKeys = this.copyEvidenceRows(candidate.rowKeys)
+    const outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome = {
+      collectionId: candidate.collectionId,
+      ...(candidate.sourceId === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : { sourceId: candidate.sourceId }),
+      demand: retainedDemand,
+      generation,
+      extent,
+      appliedRowKeys: rowKeys,
+    }
+
+    return {
+      candidate,
+      coverage:
+        extent === `unknown`
+          ? undefined
+          : {
+              collectionId: candidate.collectionId,
+              ...(candidate.sourceId === undefined
+                ? {}
+                : { sourceId: candidate.sourceId }),
+              demand: retainedDemand,
+              extent,
+              rowKeys,
+            },
+      outcome,
+    }
+  }
+
+  private provesRowsBeyondDemand(
+    covering: {
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+      sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      sourceExtent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+      rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string | number> | ReadonlySet<string | number>
+    },
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demandSequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined,
+  ): boolean {
+    if (demand.limit === undefined) return false
+    if (covering.sequenceKey !== demandSequenceKey) return false
+
+    const coveringOffset = covering.demand.offset ?? 0
+    const demandEnd = (demand.offset ?? 0) + demand.limit
+    if (coveringOffset > (demand.offset ?? 0)) return false
+
+    const coveringLimit = covering.demand.limit
+    if (
+      covering.sourceExtent === `continues` &&
+      coveringLimit !== undefined &&
+      coveringOffset + coveringLimit >= demandEnd
+    ) {
+      return true
+    }
+
+    const rowCount =
+      `size` in covering.rowKeys
+        ? covering.rowKeys.size
+        : covering.rowKeys.length
+    return rowCount > demandEnd - coveringOffset
+  }
+
+  private snapshotEvidenceDemand(demand: LoadSubsetOptions): LoadSubsetOptions {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandSnapshots++
+    return snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(demand)
+  }
+
+  private deriveEvidenceDemandKey(
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): ReturnType<typeof getLoadSubsetDemandKey> {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandKeyDerivations++
+    return getLoadSubsetDemandKey(demand)
+  }
+
+  private deriveEvidenceSequenceKey(
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): ReturnType<typeof getLoadSubsetDemandKey> {
+    return this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey({
+      ...demand,
+      limit: undefined,
+      offset: undefined,
+    })
+  }
+
+  private copyEvidenceRows<TRowKey extends string | number>(
+    rows: Iterable<TRowKey>,
+  ): ReadonlyArray<TRowKey> {
+    const snapshot = Object.freeze([...rows])
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.rowKeyCopies += snapshot.length
+    return snapshot
+  }
+
+  private recordCoverageLease(
+    ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    lease: DemandLease<LoadSubsetOptions>,
+  ): void {
+    const leases = this.coverageLeasesByOwner.get(ownerOptions) ?? []
+    leases.push(lease)
+    this.coverageLeasesByOwner.set(ownerOptions, leases)
+  }
+
+  private publishCoverageOutcome(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<LoadSubsetOptions>,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): void {
+    if (outcome.appliedRowKeys === undefined) {
+      this.coverageRegistry.settleLease(acquisition, lease)
+      return
+    }
+    this.removeCoverageRows(
+      this.coverageRegistry.publishOutcome(acquisition, lease, outcome)
+        .rowsToRemove,
+    )
+  }
+
+  private releaseCoverageLease(options: LoadSubsetOptions): boolean {
+    const leases = this.coverageLeasesByOwner.get(options)
+    const lease = leases?.shift()
+    if (!lease) {
+      this.flushCoverageRowsToRemove()
+      return false
+    }
+    if (leases?.length === 0) this.coverageLeasesByOwner.delete(options)
+    this.removeCoverageRows(
+      this.coverageRegistry.releaseLease(lease).rowsToRemove,
+    )
+    return true
+  }
+
+  private discardCoverageLease(
+    options: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<LoadSubsetOptions>,
+  ): void {
+    const leases = this.coverageLeasesByOwner.get(options)
+    if (leases) {
+      const index = leases.indexOf(lease)
+      if (index >= 0) leases.splice(index, 1)
+      if (leases.length === 0) this.coverageLeasesByOwner.delete(options)
+    }
+    this.removeCoverageRows(
+      this.coverageRegistry.releaseLease(lease).rowsToRemove,
+    )
+    this.coverageRegistry.settleLease(acquisition, lease)
+  }
+
+  private removeCoverageRows(rows: ReadonlyArray<TKey>): void {
+    rows.forEach((row) => this.pendingCoverageRowsToRemove.add(row))
+    this.flushCoverageRowsToRemove()
+  }
+
+  private flushCoverageRowsToRemove(): void {
+    const unownedRows = [...this.pendingCoverageRowsToRemove].filter(
+      (row) => this.coverageRegistry.rowOwnerCount(row) === 0,
+    )
+    if (unownedRows.length === 0) return
+    // During publication this immediate transaction queues behind the batch
+    // whose listener released the coverage. The state drain applies it before
+    // the outer commit returns and owns the ignored receipt's rejection path.
+    this.state.deleteSyncedRows(unownedRows)
+    unownedRows.forEach((row) => this.pendingCoverageRowsToRemove.delete(row))
   }
 
   private retainDeferredAdapterOptions(
@@ -959,6 +1588,38 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     return acquisition
   }
 
+  private retainPendingCoverageDemand(
+    ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): PendingCoverageDemand {
+    const demand = { released: false }
+    const demands = this.pendingCoverageDemands.get(ownerOptions)
+    if (demands) {
+      demands.push(demand)
+    } else {
+      this.pendingCoverageDemands.set(ownerOptions, [demand])
+    }
+    return demand
+  }
+
+  private releasePendingCoverageDemand(ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions): void {
+    const demand = this.pendingCoverageDemands.get(ownerOptions)?.[0]
+    if (demand) demand.released = true
+  }
+
+  private forgetPendingCoverageDemand(
+    ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    demand: PendingCoverageDemand,
+  ): void {
+    const demands = this.pendingCoverageDemands.get(ownerOptions)
+    if (!demands) return
+
+    const index = demands.indexOf(demand)
+    if (index !== -1) demands.splice(index, 1)
+    if (demands.length === 0) {
+      this.pendingCoverageDemands.delete(ownerOptions)
+    }
+  }
+
   private forgetDeferredAdapterOptions(
     ownerOptions: LoadSubsetOptions,
     acquisition: DeferredAdapterAcquisition,
@@ -1003,6 +1664,11 @@ export class CollectionSyncManager<
     this.syncStartDeferred = false
     this.syncStartRequested = false
     this.deferredAdapterOptions.clear()
+    this.pendingCoverageDemands = new WeakMap()
+    this.flushCoverageRowsToRemove()
+    this.removeCoverageRows(this.coverageRegistry.dispose().rowsToRemove)
+    this.coverageLeasesByOwner = new WeakMap()
+    this.coverageAcquisitionsByPromise = new WeakMap()
     const wasLoadingSubset = this.pendingLoadSubsetPromises.size > 0
     this.pendingLoadSubsetPromises.clear()
     if (wasLoadingSubset) {
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/builder/get-query-ir.ts b/packages/db/src/query/builder/get-query-ir.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37a6350a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/builder/get-query-ir.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import type { QueryIR } from '../ir.js'
+
+type QueryBuilderWithIR = {
+  _getQuery: () => QueryIR
+}
+
+/** Internal leaf accessor shared with query identity code. */
+export function getQueryIR(builder: unknown): QueryIR {
+  return (builder as QueryBuilderWithIR)._getQuery()
+}
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts b/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts
index 0cbfd4092d..40fb925769 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/builder/index.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import {
   MaterializeWrapper,
   ToArrayWrapper,
 } from './functions.js'
+import { getQueryIR } from './get-query-ir.js'
 import type { SourceClauseContext } from '../../errors.js'
 import type { NamespacedRow, SingleResult } from '../../types.js'
 import type { CollectionOptionsIdentity } from '../../collection-options.js'
@@ -1614,12 +1615,7 @@ export function buildQuery<TContext extends Context>(
   return getQueryIR(result)
 }
 
-// Internal function to get the QueryIR from a builder
-export function getQueryIR(
-  builder: BaseQueryBuilder | QueryBuilder<any> | InitialQueryBuilder,
-): QueryIR {
-  return (builder as unknown as BaseQueryBuilder)._getQuery()
-}
+export { getQueryIR } from './get-query-ir.js'
 
 // Type-only exports for the query builder
 export type InitialQueryBuilder = Pick<
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/coverage-registry.ts b/packages/db/src/query/coverage-registry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a2dfb0911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/coverage-registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1192 @@
+import { compareKeys } from '@tanstack/db-ivm'
+import { getLoadSubsetDemandKey } from './ir-stable-identity.js'
+import { snapshotLoadSubsetDemand } from './load-subset-options.js'
+import { isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy } from './predicate-utils.js'
+import type { AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome, LoadSubsetOptions } from '../types.js'
+import type { DemandKey } from './ir-stable-identity.js'
+
+const demandLeaseBrand: unique symbol = Symbol(`DemandLease`)
+const acquisitionTokenBrand: unique symbol = Symbol(`AcquisitionToken`)
+
+export type DemandLease<TDemand> = {
+  readonly [demandLeaseBrand]: TDemand
+}
+
+export type AcquisitionToken = {
+  readonly [acquisitionTokenBrand]: true
+}
+
+export type AuthoritativeAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome = AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome & {
+  extent: Exclude<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome['extent'], `unknown`>
+}
+
+export type AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TRowKey extends string | number> =
+  Readonly<{
+    collectionId: string
+    sourceId?: string
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+    extent: AuthoritativeAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome['extent']
+    rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<TRowKey>
+  }>
+
+type LeaseRecord<TDemand> = {
+  demand: TDemand
+  acquisitions: Set<AcquisitionToken>
+}
+
+type AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey extends string | number> = {
+  evidenceEpoch: number
+  leases: Set<DemandLease<unknown>>
+  claims: Map<DemandLease<unknown>, CoverageClaim<TCoverage>>
+  release: () => void
+  releaseSettled: boolean
+  applied: boolean
+  rows: Set<TRowKey>
+}
+
+type CoverageClaim<TCoverage> = {
+  sequence: number
+  generation: number
+  settlementPending: boolean
+  scopeKey: string
+  scope: {
+    collectionId: string
+    sourceId: string | undefined
+    demandKey: DemandKey | undefined
+    sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions | undefined
+  }
+  coverage: TCoverage | undefined
+  retainedOutcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome | undefined
+}
+
+export type CoverageRegistryOptions<TDemand, TCoverage> = {
+  coversDemand: (coverage: TCoverage, demand: TDemand) => boolean
+  coversCoverage: (coverage: TCoverage, candidate: TCoverage) => boolean
+  /** Takes a defensive snapshot for storage and every public read. */
+  snapshotCoverage: (coverage: TCoverage) => TCoverage
+  /** Counts retained row-key slots in one coverage snapshot. */
+  coverageRowKeyCount?: (coverage: TCoverage) => number
+  /**
+   * Projects an exact applied source fact into the registry's coverage
+   * domain. Return undefined when that fact cannot prove coverage.
+   */
+  projectAppliedCoverage: (evidence: {
+    outcome: AuthoritativeAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+    rows: ReadonlySet<string | number>
+  }) => TCoverage | undefined
+}
+
+export type RowOwnershipUpdate<TRowKey extends string | number> = {
+  accepted: boolean
+  rowsToRemove: Array<TRowKey>
+}
+
+export type CoveragePublicationResult<TRowKey extends string | number> =
+  RowOwnershipUpdate<TRowKey> & {
+    published: boolean
+  }
+
+export type ReleaseResult<TRowKey extends string | number> = {
+  rowsToRemove: Array<TRowKey>
+}
+
+export type CoverageRegistryResourceCounts = Readonly<{
+  liveLeases: number
+  acquisitions: number
+  claims: number
+  unsettledClaims: number
+  retainedDemands: number
+  retainedOutcomes: number
+  retainedRowKeySlots: number
+}>
+
+export type CoverageEvidenceWorkCounts = Readonly<{
+  rowKeyCopies: number
+  demandSnapshots: number
+  demandKeyDerivations: number
+}>
+
+export type BorrowedCoverageEvidence<
+  TCoverage,
+  TRowKey extends string | number,
+> =
+  | Readonly<{
+      authority: `established`
+      acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+      demandKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      generation: number
+      coverage: TCoverage
+    }>
+  | Readonly<{
+      authority: `applied`
+      acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+      collectionId: string
+      sourceId: string | undefined
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+      demandKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      sequenceKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      generation: number
+      rowKeys: ReadonlySet<TRowKey>
+    }>
+  | Readonly<{
+      authority: `retained`
+      acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+      demandKey: DemandKey | undefined
+      generation: number
+      outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+    }>
+
+/**
+ * Keeps logical demand, physical adapter resources, achieved coverage, and row
+ * provenance separate. Coverage compaction is a derived antichain over active
+ * facts, so it cannot erase the leases or acquisitions needed to restore a
+ * narrower fact later.
+ */
+export class CoverageRegistry<
+  TDemand,
+  TCoverage,
+  TRowKey extends string | number,
+> {
+  private readonly coversDemand: (
+    coverage: TCoverage,
+    demand: TDemand,
+  ) => boolean
+  private readonly coversCoverage: (
+    coverage: TCoverage,
+    candidate: TCoverage,
+  ) => boolean
+  private readonly projectAppliedCoverage: (evidence: {
+    outcome: AuthoritativeAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+    rows: ReadonlySet<string | number>
+  }) => TCoverage | undefined
+  private readonly snapshotCoverage: (coverage: TCoverage) => TCoverage
+  private readonly coverageRowKeyCount: (coverage: TCoverage) => number
+  private readonly leases = new Map<
+    DemandLease<TDemand>,
+    LeaseRecord<TDemand>
+  >()
+  private readonly acquisitions = new Map<
+    AcquisitionToken,
+    AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey>
+  >()
+  private readonly rowOwners = new Map<TRowKey, Set<AcquisitionToken>>()
+  private readonly currentAcquisitions = new Map<
+    string,
+    {
+      acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+      lease: DemandLease<unknown>
+      generation: number
+    }
+  >()
+  private claimSequence = 0
+  private evidenceEpoch = 0
+  private evidenceWorkCounts = {
+    rowKeyCopies: 0,
+    demandSnapshots: 0,
+    demandKeyDerivations: 0,
+  }
+
+  constructor(options: CoverageRegistryOptions<TDemand, TCoverage>) {
+    this.coversDemand = options.coversDemand
+    this.coversCoverage = options.coversCoverage
+    this.projectAppliedCoverage = options.projectAppliedCoverage
+    this.snapshotCoverage = options.snapshotCoverage
+    this.coverageRowKeyCount = options.coverageRowKeyCount ?? (() => 0)
+  }
+
+  addLease(demand: TDemand): DemandLease<TDemand> {
+    const lease = {} as DemandLease<TDemand>
+    this.leases.set(lease, { demand, acquisitions: new Set() })
+    return lease
+  }
+
+  addAcquisition(options: {
+    generation: number
+    scope: {
+      collectionId: string
+      sourceId?: string
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+    }
+    leases: ReadonlyArray<DemandLease<TDemand>>
+    release: () => void
+  }): AcquisitionToken {
+    if (options.leases.length === 0) {
+      throw new Error(`A physical acquisition must have a demand lease`)
+    }
+
+    const leaseRecords = options.leases.map((lease) => {
+      const record = this.leases.get(lease)
+      if (!record) throw new Error(`Cannot attach an inactive demand lease`)
+      return record
+    })
+    const acquisition = {
+      [acquisitionTokenBrand]: true,
+    } as AcquisitionToken
+    const claim = this.createClaim(options.generation, options.scope, true)
+    this.acquisitions.set(acquisition, {
+      evidenceEpoch: this.evidenceEpoch,
+      leases: new Set(options.leases as ReadonlyArray<DemandLease<unknown>>),
+      claims: new Map(
+        options.leases.map((lease) => [
+          lease as DemandLease<unknown>,
+          { ...claim, sequence: this.claimSequence++ },
+        ]),
+      ),
+      release: options.release,
+      releaseSettled: false,
+      applied: false,
+      rows: new Set(),
+    })
+    leaseRecords.forEach((record) => record.acquisitions.add(acquisition))
+    return acquisition
+  }
+
+  isAcquisitionAttachable(acquisition: AcquisitionToken): boolean {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    return (
+      record !== undefined &&
+      !record.releaseSettled &&
+      record.evidenceEpoch === this.evidenceEpoch
+    )
+  }
+
+  attachLease(
+    lease: DemandLease<TDemand>,
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    options?: {
+      generation: number
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: string
+        sourceId?: string
+        demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+      }
+      coverage?: TCoverage
+      /** Caller-relative evidence retained from an already applied acquisition. */
+      retainedOutcome?: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+      /** Whether this lease still has an async outcome that may publish. */
+      settlementPending?: boolean
+    },
+  ): void {
+    const leaseRecord = this.leases.get(lease)
+    const acquisitionRecord = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    if (!leaseRecord) throw new Error(`Cannot attach an inactive demand lease`)
+    if (!acquisitionRecord) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot attach to an inactive acquisition`)
+    }
+    if (acquisitionRecord.releaseSettled) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot attach to a released acquisition`)
+    }
+    if (acquisitionRecord.leases.has(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)) return
+    if (acquisitionRecord.evidenceEpoch !== this.evidenceEpoch) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot attach to an invalidated acquisition`)
+    }
+
+    const fallback = Array.from(acquisitionRecord.claims.entries()).find(
+      ([candidate]) => acquisitionRecord.leases.has(candidate),
+    )?.[1]
+    const claim = options
+      ? this.createClaim(
+          options.generation,
+          options.scope,
+          options.settlementPending ?? false,
+        )
+      : fallback
+        ? {
+            generation: fallback.generation,
+            settlementPending: false,
+            scopeKey: fallback.scopeKey,
+            scope: {
+              ...fallback.scope,
+              demand:
+                fallback.scope.demand === undefined
+                  ? undefined
+                  : this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(fallback.scope.demand),
+            },
+            coverage: undefined,
+            retainedOutcome: undefined,
+          }
+        : undefined
+    if (!claim) throw new Error(`Cannot attach to an unscoped acquisition`)
+    if (
+      options?.retainedOutcome !== undefined &&
+      !this.matchesEvidenceOutcome(claim, options.retainedOutcome)
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(`Retained outcome does not match the attached claim`)
+    }
+
+    leaseRecord.acquisitions.add(acquisition)
+    acquisitionRecord.leases.add(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    acquisitionRecord.claims.set(lease as DemandLease<unknown>, {
+      ...claim,
+      sequence: this.claimSequence++,
+      coverage:
+        options?.coverage === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(options.coverage),
+      retainedOutcome:
+        options?.retainedOutcome === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : this.snapshotEvidenceOutcome(options.retainedOutcome),
+    })
+    if (options?.coverage !== undefined) {
+      this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(claim.scopeKey)
+    }
+  }
+
+  coveringAcquisitions(demand: TDemand): Array<{
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+    coverage: TCoverage
+    generation: number
+  }> {
+    return Array.from(this.currentCoverageClaims()).flatMap(
+      ({ acquisition, record, claim }) =>
+        !record.releaseSettled &&
+        claim.coverage !== undefined &&
+        this.coversDemand(claim.coverage, demand)
+          ? [
+              {
+                acquisition,
+                coverage: this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(claim.coverage),
+                generation: claim.generation,
+              },
+            ]
+          : [],
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Applied physical acquisitions projected as unknown operation evidence.
+   * This never creates a coverage fact or participates in covers().
+   */
+  appliedAcquisitionEvidence(): Array<{
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+    rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<TRowKey>
+  }> {
+    return Array.from(this.acquisitions.entries()).flatMap(
+      ([acquisition, record]) =>
+        record.applied &&
+        record.evidenceEpoch === this.evidenceEpoch &&
+        !record.releaseSettled &&
+        record.leases.size > 0
+          ? Array.from(record.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) => {
+              if (
+                !record.leases.has(lease) ||
+                claim.scope.demand === undefined
+              ) {
+                return []
+              }
+              const rowKeys = this.copyEvidenceRows(record.rows)
+              return [
+                {
+                  acquisition,
+                  outcome: this.snapshotEvidenceOutcome({
+                    collectionId: claim.scope.collectionId,
+                    ...(claim.scope.sourceId === undefined
+                      ? {}
+                      : { sourceId: claim.scope.sourceId }),
+                    demand: claim.scope.demand,
+                    generation: claim.generation,
+                    extent: `unknown`,
+                    appliedRowKeys: rowKeys,
+                  }),
+                  rowKeys,
+                },
+              ]
+            })
+          : [],
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Borrows immutable evidence for internal selection. References stay valid
+   * until the registry's next mutation; public readers use snapshot methods.
+   */
+  *borrowEvidence(): IterableIterator<
+    BorrowedCoverageEvidence<TCoverage, TRowKey>
+  > {
+    for (const { acquisition, record, claim } of this.currentCoverageClaims()) {
+      if (record.releaseSettled || claim.coverage === undefined) continue
+      yield Object.freeze({
+        authority: `established` as const,
+        acquisition,
+        demandKey: claim.scope.demandKey,
+        sequenceKey: claim.scope.sequenceKey,
+        generation: claim.generation,
+        coverage: claim.coverage,
+      })
+    }
+
+    for (const [acquisition, record] of this.acquisitions) {
+      if (
+        record.evidenceEpoch === this.evidenceEpoch &&
+        record.applied &&
+        !record.releaseSettled &&
+        record.leases.size > 0
+      ) {
+        for (const [lease, claim] of record.claims) {
+          if (!record.leases.has(lease) || claim.scope.demand === undefined) {
+            continue
+          }
+          yield Object.freeze({
+            authority: `applied` as const,
+            acquisition,
+            collectionId: claim.scope.collectionId,
+            sourceId: claim.scope.sourceId,
+            demand: claim.scope.demand,
+            demandKey: claim.scope.demandKey,
+            sequenceKey: claim.scope.sequenceKey,
+            generation: claim.generation,
+            rowKeys: record.rows as ReadonlySet<TRowKey>,
+          })
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (const [lease, claim] of record.claims) {
+        if (record.leases.has(lease) && claim.retainedOutcome !== undefined) {
+          yield Object.freeze({
+            authority: `retained` as const,
+            acquisition,
+            demandKey: claim.scope.demandKey,
+            generation: claim.generation,
+            outcome: claim.retainedOutcome,
+          })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Publishes only coverage proved by an exact, applied source outcome.
+   * Unknown source extent is request state, not achieved coverage.
+   */
+  publishOutcome(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): CoveragePublicationResult<TRowKey>
+  publishOutcome(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<TDemand>,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): CoveragePublicationResult<TRowKey>
+  publishOutcome(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    leaseOrOutcome: DemandLease<TDemand> | AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+    maybeOutcome?: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): CoveragePublicationResult<TRowKey> {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    const outcome = maybeOutcome ?? (leaseOrOutcome as AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome)
+    const lease = maybeOutcome
+      ? (leaseOrOutcome as DemandLease<TDemand>)
+      : this.findMatchingLease(record, outcome)
+    const claim =
+      lease === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : record?.claims.get(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    if (
+      !record ||
+      !claim ||
+      record.releaseSettled ||
+      !this.matchesEvidenceOutcome(claim, outcome) ||
+      outcome.appliedRowKeys === undefined
+    ) {
+      return { accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] }
+    }
+    const matchedLease = lease as DemandLease<TDemand>
+
+    const canPublish = this.canPublish(acquisition, claim)
+    const nextRows = new Set(outcome.appliedRowKeys as ReadonlyArray<TRowKey>)
+    const rowsToRemove = this.replaceRowsForRecord(
+      acquisition,
+      record,
+      nextRows,
+    )
+    record.applied = true
+    claim.settlementPending = false
+    for (const [peerLease, peer] of record.claims) {
+      if (record.leases.has(peerLease)) peer.retainedOutcome = undefined
+    }
+
+    // Generation currency controls reusable coverage, not physical row
+    // ownership. A stale acquisition still owns every row it applied until
+    // its physical resource is released.
+    if (!canPublish) {
+      for (const [peerLease, peer] of record.claims) {
+        if (record.leases.has(peerLease) && peer.scopeKey === claim.scopeKey) {
+          peer.coverage = undefined
+        }
+      }
+      this.removeSettledDormantClaim(record, matchedLease, claim)
+      return { accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove }
+    }
+
+    const coverage = hasAuthoritativeExtent(outcome)
+      ? this.projectAppliedCoverage({ outcome, rows: nextRows })
+      : undefined
+    const nextCoverage =
+      coverage === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(coverage)
+    if (record.leases.has(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)) {
+      claim.coverage = nextCoverage
+    }
+    if (nextCoverage !== undefined) {
+      // One physical result proves the same exact scope for every logical
+      // owner attached to that acquisition, even when only one observer
+      // publishes the adapter result.
+      for (const [peerLease, peer] of record.claims) {
+        if (record.leases.has(peerLease) && peer.scopeKey === claim.scopeKey) {
+          peer.coverage = this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(nextCoverage)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (nextCoverage !== undefined) {
+      this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(claim.scopeKey)
+    } else {
+      const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(claim.scopeKey)
+      if (current?.acquisition === acquisition && current.lease === lease) {
+        this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(claim.scopeKey)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const result = {
+      accepted: true,
+      published: nextCoverage !== undefined,
+      rowsToRemove,
+    }
+    this.removeSettledDormantClaim(record, matchedLease, claim)
+    return result
+  }
+
+  replaceRows(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    rows: Iterable<TRowKey>,
+  ): RowOwnershipUpdate<TRowKey>
+  replaceRows(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<TDemand>,
+    rows: Iterable<TRowKey>,
+  ): RowOwnershipUpdate<TRowKey>
+  replaceRows(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    leaseOrRows: DemandLease<TDemand> | Iterable<TRowKey>,
+    maybeRows?: Iterable<TRowKey>,
+  ): RowOwnershipUpdate<TRowKey> {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    const lease = maybeRows
+      ? (leaseOrRows as DemandLease<TDemand>)
+      : (Array.from(record?.claims.keys() ?? []).find((candidate) =>
+          record?.leases.has(candidate),
+        ) as DemandLease<TDemand> | undefined)
+    const rows = maybeRows ?? (leaseOrRows as Iterable<TRowKey>)
+    const claim =
+      lease === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : record?.claims.get(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    if (
+      !record ||
+      !claim ||
+      record.releaseSettled ||
+      !this.canPublish(acquisition, claim)
+    ) {
+      return { accepted: false, rowsToRemove: [] }
+    }
+
+    const nextRows = new Set(rows)
+    record.applied = false
+    const affectedScopes = new Set<string>()
+    for (const [claimLease, existingClaim] of record.claims) {
+      existingClaim.coverage = undefined
+      existingClaim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+      const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(existingClaim.scopeKey)
+      if (
+        current?.acquisition === acquisition &&
+        current.lease === claimLease
+      ) {
+        affectedScopes.add(existingClaim.scopeKey)
+      }
+    }
+    affectedScopes.forEach((scopeKey) =>
+      this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(scopeKey),
+    )
+    return {
+      accepted: true,
+      rowsToRemove: this.replaceRowsForRecord(acquisition, record, nextRows),
+    }
+  }
+
+  private replaceRowsForRecord(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    record: AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey>,
+    nextRows: Set<TRowKey>,
+  ): Array<TRowKey> {
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<TRowKey>()
+    for (const row of record.rows) {
+      if (nextRows.has(row)) continue
+      const owners = this.rowOwners.get(row)
+      owners?.delete(acquisition)
+      if (!owners?.size) {
+        this.rowOwners.delete(row)
+        rowsToRemove.add(row)
+      }
+    }
+    for (const row of nextRows) {
+      const owners = this.rowOwners.get(row) ?? new Set<AcquisitionToken>()
+      owners.add(acquisition)
+      this.rowOwners.set(row, owners)
+    }
+    record.rows = nextRows
+    return sortKeys(rowsToRemove)
+  }
+
+  private canPublish(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    claim: CoverageClaim<TCoverage>,
+  ): boolean {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    if (record?.evidenceEpoch !== this.evidenceEpoch) return false
+    const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(claim.scopeKey)
+    return (
+      current === undefined ||
+      current.acquisition === acquisition ||
+      claim.generation > current.generation
+    )
+  }
+
+  private isCurrent(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<unknown>,
+    claim: CoverageClaim<TCoverage>,
+  ): boolean {
+    const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(claim.scopeKey)
+    return current?.acquisition === acquisition && current.lease === lease
+  }
+
+  covers(demand: TDemand): boolean {
+    return this.coverageAntichain().some((coverage) =>
+      this.coversDemand(coverage, demand),
+    )
+  }
+
+  coverageAntichain(): Array<TCoverage> {
+    const facts = Array.from(this.currentCoverageClaims()).flatMap(
+      ({ claim }) =>
+        claim.coverage === undefined
+          ? []
+          : [claim as CoverageClaim<TCoverage> & { coverage: TCoverage }],
+    )
+
+    return facts
+      .filter((candidate) =>
+        facts.every((covering) => {
+          if (candidate === covering) return true
+          if (!this.coversCoverage(covering.coverage, candidate.coverage)) {
+            return true
+          }
+
+          // Equivalent facts retain the oldest stable representative. Strictly
+          // stronger facts dominate regardless of publication order.
+          const equivalent = this.coversCoverage(
+            candidate.coverage,
+            covering.coverage,
+          )
+          return equivalent && candidate.sequence < covering.sequence
+        }),
+      )
+      .map(({ coverage }) => this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(coverage))
+  }
+
+  coverageEvidence(): Array<{ coverage: TCoverage; generation: number }> {
+    return Array.from(this.currentCoverageClaims()).flatMap(({ claim }) =>
+      claim.coverage === undefined
+        ? []
+        : [
+            {
+              coverage: this.snapshotEvidenceCoverage(claim.coverage),
+              generation: claim.generation,
+            },
+          ],
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Active caller-relative outcomes retained by synchronous satisfied leases.
+   * Unknown outcomes are evidence only: they never enter the coverage
+   * antichain or make covers() return true.
+   */
+  retainedOutcomeEvidence(): Array<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome> {
+    return Array.from(this.acquisitions.values()).flatMap((record) =>
+      Array.from(record.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) =>
+        record.leases.has(lease) && claim.retainedOutcome !== undefined
+          ? [this.snapshotEvidenceOutcome(claim.retainedOutcome)]
+          : [],
+      ),
+    )
+  }
+
+  rowOwnerCount(row: TRowKey): number {
+    return this.rowOwners.get(row)?.size ?? 0
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Resource accounting used by lifecycle oracles. */
+  resourceCounts(): CoverageRegistryResourceCounts {
+    let claims = 0
+    let unsettledClaims = 0
+    let retainedDemands = 0
+    let retainedOutcomes = 0
+    let retainedRowKeySlots = 0
+
+    for (const record of this.acquisitions.values()) {
+      retainedRowKeySlots += record.rows.size
+      for (const claim of record.claims.values()) {
+        claims++
+        if (claim.settlementPending) unsettledClaims++
+        if (claim.scope.demand !== undefined) retainedDemands++
+        if (claim.coverage !== undefined) {
+          retainedRowKeySlots += this.coverageRowKeyCount(claim.coverage)
+        }
+        if (claim.retainedOutcome !== undefined) {
+          retainedOutcomes++
+          retainedRowKeySlots +=
+            claim.retainedOutcome.appliedRowKeys?.length ?? 0
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      liveLeases: this.leases.size,
+      acquisitions: this.acquisitions.size,
+      claims,
+      unsettledClaims,
+      retainedDemands,
+      retainedOutcomes,
+      retainedRowKeySlots,
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Work accounting used by evidence-path oracles. */
+  evidenceWork(): CoverageEvidenceWorkCounts {
+    return { ...this.evidenceWorkCounts }
+  }
+
+  /** @internal Resets work accounting without changing registry state. */
+  resetEvidenceWork(): void {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts = {
+      rowKeyCopies: 0,
+      demandSnapshots: 0,
+      demandKeyDerivations: 0,
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Marks one acquisition observer's outcome-free or rejected result settled. */
+  settleLease(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    lease: DemandLease<TDemand>,
+  ): void {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    const claim = record?.claims.get(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    if (!record || !claim) return
+    claim.settlementPending = false
+    this.removeSettledDormantClaim(record, lease, claim)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clears source evidence after a committed truncate without releasing the
+   * logical demands or their physical adapter acquisitions.
+   */
+  invalidateAppliedEvidence(): void {
+    this.evidenceEpoch++
+    this.currentAcquisitions.clear()
+    this.rowOwners.clear()
+    for (const record of this.acquisitions.values()) {
+      record.applied = false
+      // Borrowed evidence may still hold the old read-only Set during the
+      // current stack. Replace it instead of mutating that view in place.
+      record.rows = new Set()
+      for (const claim of record.claims.values()) {
+        claim.coverage = undefined
+        claim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  releaseLease(lease: DemandLease<TDemand>): ReleaseResult<TRowKey> {
+    const leaseRecord = this.leases.get(lease)
+    if (!leaseRecord) return { rowsToRemove: [] }
+
+    const acquisitions = Array.from(leaseRecord.acquisitions)
+    const finalAcquisitions = acquisitions.filter((acquisition) => {
+      const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+      return record?.leases.size === 1 && record.leases.has(lease)
+    })
+    const releaseErrors: Array<unknown> = []
+    this.settleReleases(finalAcquisitions, releaseErrors)
+    // A failed adapter cleanup leaves the logical graph unchanged. A later
+    // release retries only callbacks that did not settle successfully.
+    throwReleaseErrors(releaseErrors)
+
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<TRowKey>()
+    for (const acquisition of acquisitions) {
+      const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+      if (!record) continue
+      const claim = record.claims.get(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+      record.leases.delete(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+      if (claim) {
+        const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(claim.scopeKey)
+        if (current?.acquisition === acquisition && current.lease === lease) {
+          this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(claim.scopeKey)
+        }
+        if (claim.settlementPending) {
+          this.compactDormantClaim(claim)
+        } else {
+          record.claims.delete(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+        }
+      }
+      leaseRecord.acquisitions.delete(acquisition)
+      if (record.leases.size === 0) {
+        this.retireAcquisitionState(acquisition, rowsToRemove)
+      }
+    }
+    this.leases.delete(lease)
+    return { rowsToRemove: sortKeys(rowsToRemove) }
+  }
+
+  releaseAcquisition(acquisition: AcquisitionToken): ReleaseResult<TRowKey> {
+    if (!this.acquisitions.has(acquisition)) return { rowsToRemove: [] }
+    const releaseErrors: Array<unknown> = []
+    this.settleReleases([acquisition], releaseErrors)
+    throwReleaseErrors(releaseErrors)
+
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<TRowKey>()
+    this.retireAcquisitionState(acquisition, rowsToRemove)
+    return { rowsToRemove: sortKeys(rowsToRemove) }
+  }
+
+  dispose(): ReleaseResult<TRowKey> {
+    const acquisitions = Array.from(this.acquisitions.keys())
+    const releaseErrors: Array<unknown> = []
+    this.settleReleases(acquisitions, releaseErrors)
+    // Keep every logical owner intact until all physical cleanup callbacks
+    // settle. This preserves the full GC result for the successful retry.
+    throwReleaseErrors(releaseErrors)
+
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<TRowKey>()
+    for (const acquisition of acquisitions) {
+      this.retireAcquisitionState(acquisition, rowsToRemove)
+    }
+    this.leases.clear()
+    return { rowsToRemove: sortKeys(rowsToRemove) }
+  }
+
+  private settleReleases(
+    acquisitions: ReadonlyArray<AcquisitionToken>,
+    releaseErrors: Array<unknown>,
+  ): void {
+    for (const acquisition of acquisitions) {
+      const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+      if (!record || record.releaseSettled) continue
+      try {
+        record.release()
+        record.releaseSettled = true
+      } catch (error) {
+        releaseErrors.push(error)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private compactDormantClaim(claim: CoverageClaim<TCoverage>): void {
+    claim.scope.demand = undefined
+    claim.coverage = undefined
+    claim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+  }
+
+  private removeSettledDormantClaim(
+    record: AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey>,
+    lease: DemandLease<TDemand>,
+    claim: CoverageClaim<TCoverage>,
+  ): void {
+    if (
+      !claim.settlementPending &&
+      !record.leases.has(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    ) {
+      record.claims.delete(lease as DemandLease<unknown>)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private retireAcquisitionState(
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken,
+    rowsToRemove: Set<TRowKey>,
+  ): void {
+    const record = this.acquisitions.get(acquisition)
+    if (!record) return
+
+    this.acquisitions.delete(acquisition)
+    const affectedScopes = new Set<string>()
+    for (const [lease, claim] of record.claims) {
+      const current = this.currentAcquisitions.get(claim.scopeKey)
+      if (current?.acquisition === acquisition && current.lease === lease) {
+        affectedScopes.add(claim.scopeKey)
+      }
+    }
+    affectedScopes.forEach((scopeKey) =>
+      this.restoreCurrentAcquisition(scopeKey),
+    )
+    for (const lease of record.leases) {
+      this.leases
+        .get(lease as DemandLease<TDemand>)
+        ?.acquisitions.delete(acquisition)
+    }
+    for (const row of record.rows) {
+      const owners = this.rowOwners.get(row)
+      owners?.delete(acquisition)
+      if (!owners?.size) {
+        this.rowOwners.delete(row)
+        rowsToRemove.add(row)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private restoreCurrentAcquisition(scopeKey: string): void {
+    const candidate = Array.from(this.acquisitions.entries())
+      .flatMap(([acquisition, record]) =>
+        record.releaseSettled || record.evidenceEpoch !== this.evidenceEpoch
+          ? []
+          : Array.from(record.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) =>
+              record.leases.has(lease) &&
+              claim.scopeKey === scopeKey &&
+              claim.coverage !== undefined
+                ? [{ acquisition, lease, claim }]
+                : [],
+            ),
+      )
+      .sort((left, right) =>
+        left.claim.generation === right.claim.generation
+          ? right.claim.sequence - left.claim.sequence
+          : right.claim.generation - left.claim.generation,
+      )[0]
+
+    if (candidate) {
+      this.currentAcquisitions.set(scopeKey, {
+        acquisition: candidate.acquisition,
+        lease: candidate.lease,
+        generation: candidate.claim.generation,
+      })
+    } else {
+      this.currentAcquisitions.delete(scopeKey)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private createClaim(
+    generation: number,
+    scope: {
+      collectionId: string
+      sourceId?: string
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+    },
+    settlementPending: boolean,
+  ): Omit<CoverageClaim<TCoverage>, `sequence`> {
+    const demand = this.snapshotEvidenceDemand(scope.demand)
+    const demandKey = this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(demand)
+    const sequenceKey = this.deriveEvidenceSequenceKey(demand)
+    return {
+      generation,
+      settlementPending,
+      scopeKey: createScopeKey(scope.collectionId, scope.sourceId, demandKey),
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: scope.collectionId,
+        sourceId: scope.sourceId,
+        demandKey,
+        sequenceKey,
+        demand,
+      },
+      coverage: undefined,
+      retainedOutcome: undefined,
+    }
+  }
+
+  private snapshotEvidenceCoverage(coverage: TCoverage): TCoverage {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandSnapshots++
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.rowKeyCopies += this.coverageRowKeyCount(coverage)
+    return this.snapshotCoverage(coverage)
+  }
+
+  private snapshotEvidenceDemand(demand: LoadSubsetOptions): LoadSubsetOptions {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandSnapshots++
+    return snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(demand)
+  }
+
+  private deriveEvidenceDemandKey(
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): DemandKey | undefined {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandKeyDerivations++
+    return getLoadSubsetDemandKey(demand)
+  }
+
+  private deriveEvidenceSequenceKey(
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ): DemandKey | undefined {
+    return this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey({
+      ...demand,
+      limit: undefined,
+      offset: undefined,
+    })
+  }
+
+  private snapshotEvidenceOutcome(
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.demandSnapshots++
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.rowKeyCopies += outcome.appliedRowKeys?.length ?? 0
+    return snapshotAppliedOutcome(outcome)
+  }
+
+  private copyEvidenceRows(rows: Iterable<TRowKey>): ReadonlyArray<TRowKey> {
+    const snapshot = Object.freeze([...rows])
+    this.evidenceWorkCounts.rowKeyCopies += snapshot.length
+    return snapshot
+  }
+
+  private matchesEvidenceOutcome(
+    claim: Pick<CoverageClaim<TCoverage>, `generation` | `scope`>,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): boolean {
+    return (
+      claim.generation === outcome.generation &&
+      claim.scope.collectionId === outcome.collectionId &&
+      claim.scope.sourceId === outcome.sourceId &&
+      claim.scope.demandKey === this.deriveEvidenceDemandKey(outcome.demand)
+    )
+  }
+
+  private findMatchingLease(
+    record: AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey> | undefined,
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  ): DemandLease<TDemand> | undefined {
+    if (!record) return undefined
+    const matching = Array.from(record.claims.entries()).filter(([, claim]) =>
+      this.matchesEvidenceOutcome(claim, outcome),
+    )
+    return (matching.find(([lease]) => record.leases.has(lease)) ??
+      matching[0])?.[0] as DemandLease<TDemand> | undefined
+  }
+
+  private *currentCoverageClaims(): IterableIterator<{
+    acquisition: AcquisitionToken
+    record: AcquisitionRecord<TCoverage, TRowKey>
+    lease: DemandLease<unknown>
+    claim: CoverageClaim<TCoverage>
+  }> {
+    for (const [acquisition, record] of this.acquisitions) {
+      if (record.evidenceEpoch !== this.evidenceEpoch) continue
+      for (const [lease, claim] of record.claims) {
+        if (
+          record.leases.has(lease) &&
+          claim.coverage !== undefined &&
+          this.isCurrent(acquisition, lease, claim)
+        ) {
+          yield { acquisition, record, lease, claim }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates the conservative production registry used at the collection source
+ * boundary. It publishes only exact demand facts backed by acquisition-owned
+ * applied row keys.
+ */
+export function createLoadSubsetCoverageRegistry<
+  TRowKey extends string | number,
+>(): CoverageRegistry<
+  LoadSubsetOptions,
+  AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TRowKey>,
+  TRowKey
+> {
+  return new CoverageRegistry({
+    coversDemand: (coverage, demand) =>
+      isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy(demand, coverage.demand),
+    coversCoverage: (coverage, candidate) =>
+      coverage.collectionId === candidate.collectionId &&
+      coverage.sourceId === candidate.sourceId &&
+      isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy(candidate.demand, coverage.demand),
+    snapshotCoverage: snapshotAppliedCoverage,
+    coverageRowKeyCount: (coverage) => coverage.rowKeys.length,
+    projectAppliedCoverage: ({ outcome, rows }) => {
+      const limit = outcome.demand.limit
+      if (limit === undefined) {
+        if (outcome.extent !== `exhausted`) return undefined
+      } else if (rows.size < limit && outcome.extent !== `exhausted`) {
+        return undefined
+      }
+
+      return {
+        collectionId: outcome.collectionId,
+        ...(outcome.sourceId === undefined
+          ? {}
+          : { sourceId: outcome.sourceId }),
+        demand: snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(outcome.demand),
+        extent: outcome.extent,
+        rowKeys: [...rows] as Array<TRowKey>,
+      }
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+function snapshotAppliedCoverage<TRowKey extends string | number>(
+  coverage: AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TRowKey>,
+): AppliedLoadSubsetCoverage<TRowKey> {
+  return Object.freeze({
+    collectionId: coverage.collectionId,
+    ...(coverage.sourceId === undefined ? {} : { sourceId: coverage.sourceId }),
+    demand: snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(coverage.demand),
+    extent: coverage.extent,
+    rowKeys: Object.freeze([...coverage.rowKeys]),
+  })
+}
+
+function snapshotAppliedOutcome(
+  outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+  return Object.freeze({
+    collectionId: outcome.collectionId,
+    ...(outcome.sourceId === undefined ? {} : { sourceId: outcome.sourceId }),
+    demand: snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(outcome.demand),
+    generation: outcome.generation,
+    extent: outcome.extent,
+    ...(outcome.appliedRowKeys === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { appliedRowKeys: Object.freeze([...outcome.appliedRowKeys]) }),
+  })
+}
+
+function createScopeKey(
+  collectionId: string,
+  sourceId: string | undefined,
+  demandKey: string | undefined,
+): string {
+  return JSON.stringify([collectionId, sourceId ?? null, demandKey ?? null])
+}
+
+function hasAuthoritativeExtent(
+  outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+): outcome is AuthoritativeAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+  return outcome.extent !== `unknown`
+}
+
+function sortKeys<TKey extends string | number>(
+  keys: Iterable<TKey>,
+): Array<TKey> {
+  // Ownership removals feed sync publication. Keep their deterministic order
+  // aligned with the DBSP key order used by the rest of the data plane.
+  return Array.from(keys).sort(compareKeys)
+}
+
+function throwReleaseErrors(errors: Array<unknown>): void {
+  if (errors.length === 0) return
+  if (errors.length === 1) throw errors[0]
+  throw new AggregateError(errors, `Several acquisition releases failed`)
+}
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts b/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts
index 1c07d0b748..425e35d5ab 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/ir-stable-identity.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { normalizeValue } from '../utils/comparison.js'
 import { isRefProxy, toExpression } from './builder/ref-proxy.js'
-import { getQueryIR } from './builder/index.js'
+import { getQueryIR } from './builder/get-query-ir.js'
 import { getRuntimeReferenceIdentity } from './runtime-reference-identity.js'
 import type {
   Aggregate,
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ type ValueIdentityContext =
   | `equality-operand`
   | `ordering-operand`
 
+type OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject` | `runtime-reference`
+
 type AliasScope = {
   bindings: ReadonlyMap<string, number>
   hasUnqualifiedOutput: boolean
@@ -152,12 +154,16 @@ export function getLoadSubsetDemandKey(
         `loadSubset.cursor.whereFrom`,
         seen,
         `exact-output`,
+        undefined,
+        `runtime-reference`,
       ),
       whereCurrent: canonicalizeExpression(
         options.cursor.whereCurrent,
         `loadSubset.cursor.whereCurrent`,
         seen,
         `exact-output`,
+        undefined,
+        `runtime-reference`,
       ),
     }
     if (options.cursor.lastKey !== undefined) {
@@ -386,6 +392,8 @@ function canonicalizeLoadSubsetQuery(
       `${path}.where`,
       seen,
       `exact-output`,
+      undefined,
+      `runtime-reference`,
     )
   }
 
@@ -396,6 +404,8 @@ function canonicalizeLoadSubsetQuery(
         `${path}.orderBy[${index}]`,
         seen,
         `ordering-operand`,
+        undefined,
+        `runtime-reference`,
       ),
     )
   }
@@ -560,6 +570,7 @@ function canonicalizeOrderBy(
   seen: WeakSet<object>,
   valueContext: ValueIdentityContext = `exact-output`,
   scope?: AliasScope,
+  opaqueValueIdentity: OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject`,
 ): StableIdentityValue {
   return {
     expression: canonicalizeExpression(
@@ -568,6 +579,7 @@ function canonicalizeOrderBy(
       seen,
       valueContext,
       scope,
+      opaqueValueIdentity,
     ),
     compareOptions: canonicalizeRuntimeValue(
       orderBy.compareOptions,
@@ -587,6 +599,7 @@ function canonicalizeExpression(
   seen: WeakSet<object>,
   valueContext: ValueIdentityContext = `exact-output`,
   scope?: AliasScope,
+  opaqueValueIdentity: OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject`,
 ): StableIdentityValue {
   if (expression.type === `ref`) {
     const binding = resolveAliasBinding(scope, expression.path[0] ?? ``)
@@ -622,17 +635,20 @@ function canonicalizeExpression(
               `${path}.value`,
               seen,
               scope,
+              opaqueValueIdentity,
             )
           : valueContext === `ordering-operand`
             ? canonicalizeOrderingRuntimeValue(
                 expression.value,
                 `${path}.value`,
                 seen,
+                opaqueValueIdentity,
               )
             : canonicalizeExactOutputRuntimeValue(
                 expression.value,
                 `${path}.value`,
                 seen,
+                opaqueValueIdentity,
               ),
     }
   }
@@ -650,6 +666,7 @@ function canonicalizeExpression(
           `${path}.args[1].value[${index}]`,
           seen,
           scope,
+          opaqueValueIdentity,
         ),
       )
       return canonicalizeFunction(expression.name, [
@@ -659,6 +676,7 @@ function canonicalizeExpression(
           seen,
           `equality-operand`,
           scope,
+          opaqueValueIdentity,
         ),
         {
           type: `val`,
@@ -685,6 +703,7 @@ function canonicalizeExpression(
         seen,
         operandContext,
         scope,
+        opaqueValueIdentity,
       ),
     )
     return canonicalizeFunction(expression.name, args)
@@ -998,8 +1017,13 @@ function canonicalizeExactOutputRuntimeValue(
   value: unknown,
   path: string,
   seen: WeakSet<object>,
+  opaqueValueIdentity: OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject`,
 ): StableIdentityValue {
-  if (typeof value === `object` && value !== null) {
+  if (
+    (typeof value === `object` && value !== null) ||
+    (opaqueValueIdentity === `runtime-reference` &&
+      (typeof value === `function` || typeof value === `symbol`))
+  ) {
     return getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(value)
   }
 
@@ -1011,6 +1035,7 @@ function canonicalizeEqualityRuntimeValue(
   path: string,
   seen: WeakSet<object>,
   scope?: AliasScope,
+  opaqueValueIdentity: OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject`,
 ): StableIdentityValue {
   if (isRefProxy(value)) {
     return canonicalizeExpression(
@@ -1019,9 +1044,17 @@ function canonicalizeEqualityRuntimeValue(
       seen,
       `equality-operand`,
       scope,
+      opaqueValueIdentity,
     )
   }
 
+  if (
+    opaqueValueIdentity === `runtime-reference` &&
+    (typeof value === `function` || typeof value === `symbol`)
+  ) {
+    return getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(value)
+  }
+
   if (typeof value === `number` && Object.is(value, -0)) {
     return canonicalizeRuntimeValue(0, path, seen)
   }
@@ -1051,7 +1084,14 @@ function canonicalizeOrderingRuntimeValue(
   value: unknown,
   path: string,
   seen: WeakSet<object>,
+  opaqueValueIdentity: OpaqueValueIdentity = `reject`,
 ): StableIdentityValue {
+  if (
+    opaqueValueIdentity === `runtime-reference` &&
+    (typeof value === `function` || typeof value === `symbol`)
+  ) {
+    return getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(value)
+  }
   if (typeof value === `number` && Object.is(value, -0)) {
     return canonicalizeRuntimeValue(0, path, seen)
   }
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/live/ARCHITECTURE.md b/packages/db/src/query/live/ARCHITECTURE.md
index 110e575dd5..2aaeeb425a 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/live/ARCHITECTURE.md
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/live/ARCHITECTURE.md
@@ -477,15 +477,80 @@ visible. Rejected, canceled, and obsolete acquisitions establish no coverage.
 Sources must honor cancellation before publishing request-scoped rows.
 
 After those writes are applied, `loadSubset` may resolve with
-`{ hasMore: boolean | undefined }`. Core normalizes that source fact to
-`continues`, `exhausted`, or `unknown` and binds it to the exact collection
-demand and attempt generation; an omitted result also remains `unknown`. A
-request reused for a narrower demand may
+`{ hasMore: boolean | undefined, appliedRowKeys?: readonly Key[] }`. Core
+normalizes the extent to `continues`, `exhausted`, or `unknown` and binds it to
+the exact collection demand and attempt generation. The optional keys are the
+rows established by that same applied acquisition, not a later scan of the
+Collection. An omitted result remains `unknown`. A request reused for a narrower demand may
 settle that demand, but its raw extent does not become a fact about the narrower
 demand. Live-query plumbing preserves these outcomes through lazy demand and
 window coordination. Only the root paginated source may use them to replace a
 peek-based pagination decision.
 
+The Collection sync boundary gives each logical owner a demand lease and each
+physical attempt an acquisition token. Logical peers waiting on the same
+physical promise attach their leases to that one acquisition even when their
+canonical demands differ. Each lease keeps its own demand, generation, and
+coverage claim, while the physical acquisition owns one applied row set until
+its final lease releases. A released lease stops contributing active coverage
+at once, but its immutable publication identity remains dormant until the
+physical acquisition settles or retires. This lets an exact physical result
+attach its applied rows when that exact caller released before settlement but a
+peer still owns the physical work. A synchronous `true` result creates no
+physical resource. It attaches the new logical lease to an active acquisition
+whose published coverage proves the demand. Exact-scope reuse may also attach
+ownership-only to a live applied acquisition whose extent remains unknown.
+Non-exact applied evidence attaches only when its rows locally prove
+caller-relative continuation. An exact or locally proven continuing projection
+may become caller-relative evidence, but only the continuing projection becomes
+a new coverage fact. Unknown evidence still owns the physical acquisition and
+rows; it does not enter the coverage antichain or satisfy a later demand.
+Starting a newer attempt does not supersede
+viable coverage; the current generation advances only when that attempt
+publishes authoritative coverage.
+
+The coverage registry accepts an exact applied outcome and its row keys as one
+publication. It rejects stale or mismatched tokens for the same physical
+collection, optional source, and canonical demand. An `unknown` extent records
+the acquisition's applied row ownership but proves no coverage. A finite prefix
+of `N` is established only by at least `N` applied authoritative rows, or fewer
+rows plus exact source exhaustion. Callers cannot derive achieved coverage from
+the requested limit or publish rows and coverage in separate steps. Failed,
+canceled, and stale work publishes neither rows nor coverage. Public reads
+return defensive snapshots; fact compaction never mutates or retires the
+underlying leases, acquisitions, or row ownership.
+
+A truncate replay publishes replacement applied rows and their acquisition
+ownership before it releases the prior lease. This handoff is one ownership
+transition from the Collection's point of view: replacing a row with the same
+key cannot let old-owner garbage collection delete the new value. A failed or
+obsolete replacement leaves the old lease in place and retires only the new
+attempt.
+
+An imperative load operation reports caller-relative evidence, not merely the
+promises started while it was active. If a successful operation starts no new
+physical request because exact active coverage already proves its demand, it
+retains that applied outcome in the operation result instead of publishing an
+empty outcome set.
+
+Adapter release and `unloadSubset` callbacks must be idempotent and
+non-throwing. Core still treats a thrown callback defensively: it surfaces the
+original error but preserves the acquisition, lease, coverage, and row owners.
+A later cleanup retries callbacks that have not yet settled. Logical ownership
+retires only after every callback required by that release step succeeds. Rows
+whose final acquisition owner retires are deleted once through the normal
+Collection sync boundary; shared rows remain until their final owner retires.
+An adapter that uses `DeduplicatedLoadSubset` across live-query lifetimes must
+also return the helper's paired `unloadSubset` callback. That callback
+invalidates remembered request coverage when core may delete its establishing
+rows. A dedupe hit cannot outlive the evidence it claims to reuse.
+
+An eager Query DB collection owns its base query for the Collection lifetime.
+If TanStack Query removes that cache entry while the Collection has no public
+listeners, the adapter must replace the detached observer without retiring the
+base query's rows. Later cache updates and refetches must still flow through
+that lifetime observer.
+
 A transaction `mutationFn` must not start or await collection or live-query
 preloads. User persistence owns the causal queue while that function runs, so a
 preload that waits for a queued sync commit can wait on the mutation that is
@@ -637,6 +702,8 @@ create recursive Collection machinery.
 | Collection facades, event coherence, and route activation                   | `packages/db/tests/query/includes-collection-oracle.property.test.ts`     |
 | Correlated physical work                                                    | `packages/db/tests/query/includes-work-counter-oracle.test.ts`            |
 | Route-context discovery and transport across recursive and join boundaries  | `packages/db/tests/query/includes-context-transport-oracle.test.ts`       |
+| Coverage leases, acquisitions, fact compaction, and row provenance          | `packages/db/tests/query/coverage-registry-oracle.property.test.ts`       |
+| Applied coverage publication through the Collection sync boundary           | `packages/db/tests/load-subset-outcome.test.ts`                           |
 | Query-db ownership                                                          | `packages/query-db-collection/tests/ownership-lifecycle.oracle.test.ts`   |
 | Reachable nested shape                                                      | `packages/query-db-collection/tests/includes-work-counter-oracle.test.ts` |
 
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-config-builder.ts b/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-config-builder.ts
index 7bcad9c3bf..870e370aac 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-config-builder.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-config-builder.ts
@@ -349,7 +349,9 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
         windowOperationGeneration === this.windowOperationGeneration &&
         this.currentSyncConfig !== undefined
       ) {
-        this.lastWindowOutcomes = loadOperation?.getOutcomes() ?? []
+        this.lastWindowOutcomes = this.resolveWindowOutcomes(
+          loadOperation?.getOutcomes() ?? [],
+        )
       }
       return true
     }
@@ -362,7 +364,9 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
         ) {
           return
         }
-        this.lastWindowOutcomes = loadOperation!.getOutcomes()
+        this.lastWindowOutcomes = this.resolveWindowOutcomes(
+          loadOperation!.getOutcomes(),
+        )
       },
       () => {
         // The original promise carries the failure to the caller. This
@@ -372,6 +376,14 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
     return ready
   }
 
+  private resolveWindowOutcomes(
+    outcomes: ReadonlyArray<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome>,
+  ): ReadonlyArray<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome> {
+    if (outcomes.length > 0) return outcomes
+    if (this.lastWindowOutcomes.length > 0) return this.lastWindowOutcomes
+    return [...this.latestSubsetOutcomes.values()]
+  }
+
   getWindow(): { offset: number; limit: number } | undefined {
     // Only return window if this is a windowed query (has orderBy and windowFn)
     const window = this.currentWindow ?? this.initialWindow
@@ -485,6 +497,15 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
     this.liveQueryCollection!._sync.trackLoadPromise(tracked)
   }
 
+  trackRetainedSubsetOutcome(
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+    sourceId?: string,
+  ): void {
+    const scoped = sourceId === undefined ? outcome : { ...outcome, sourceId }
+    this.recordSubsetOutcome(scoped)
+    this.liveQueryCollection!._sync.trackLoadSubsetOperationOutcome(scoped)
+  }
+
   trackSubsetLoadOperationPromise(
     promise: Promise<unknown>,
     sourceId?: string,
@@ -773,6 +794,15 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
     return this.runCount
   }
 
+  releaseSubscriptionReference(
+    sourceId: string,
+    subscription: CollectionSubscription,
+  ): void {
+    if (this.subscriptions[sourceId] === subscription) {
+      delete this.subscriptions[sourceId]
+    }
+  }
+
   private syncFn(config: SyncMethods<TResult>) {
     const syncSession = ++this.syncSession
     // Store reference to the live query collection for error state transitions
@@ -793,65 +823,56 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
       unsubscribeCallbacks: new Set<() => void>(),
     }
 
+    let teardownStarted = false
+    let runtimeCleared = false
     let tornDown = false
     const teardown = () => {
       if (tornDown) return
-      tornDown = true
-      if (this.syncSession === syncSession) this.syncSession++
+      if (!teardownStarted) {
+        teardownStarted = true
+        if (this.syncSession === syncSession) this.syncSession++
+      }
 
       let firstCleanupError: unknown
       for (const unsubscribe of syncState.unsubscribeCallbacks) {
         try {
           unsubscribe()
+          syncState.unsubscribeCallbacks.delete(unsubscribe)
         } catch (error) {
           firstCleanupError ??= error
         }
       }
-      syncState.unsubscribeCallbacks.clear()
-
-      // Clear current sync session state
-      this.currentSyncConfig = undefined
-      this.currentSyncState = undefined
-      this.maybeRunGraphFn = undefined
-      this.currentWindow = undefined
-      this.isInErrorState = false
-      this.fatalQueryError = false
-      this.erroredSourceIds.clear()
-
-      // Clear all pending graph runs to prevent memory leaks from in-flight transactions
-      // that may flush after the sync session ends
-      this.pendingGraphRuns.clear()
-
-      // Reset caches so a fresh graph/pipeline is compiled on next start
-      // This avoids reusing a finalized D2 graph across GC restarts
-      this.graphCache = undefined
-      this.inputsCache = undefined
-      this.pipelineCache = undefined
-      this.sourceWhereClausesCache = undefined
-      this.bucketFacadesCache = undefined
-
-      // Reset lazy source alias state
-      this.lazySources.clear()
-      this.demandGenerations.clear()
-      this.activeDemands.clear()
-      this.latestSubsetOutcomes.clear()
-      this.lastWindowOutcomes = []
-      this.optimizableOrderByCollections = {}
-      this.lazySourcesCallbacks = {}
-
-      // Clear subscription references to prevent memory leaks
-      // Note: Individual subscriptions are already unsubscribed via unsubscribeCallbacks
-      Object.keys(this.subscriptions).forEach(
-        (key) => delete this.subscriptions[key],
-      )
-      this.compiledAliasToCollectionId = {}
 
-      // Unregister from scheduler's onClear listener to prevent memory leaks
-      // The scheduler's listener Set would otherwise keep a strong reference to this builder
-      this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears?.()
-      this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears = undefined
+      if (!runtimeCleared) {
+        runtimeCleared = true
+        // Release callbacks may synchronously publish final source deletes.
+        // Keep the old graph alive through that pass, then retire its runtime
+        // even when one resource must be retried later.
+        this.currentSyncConfig = undefined
+        this.currentSyncState = undefined
+        this.maybeRunGraphFn = undefined
+        this.currentWindow = undefined
+        this.isInErrorState = false
+        this.fatalQueryError = false
+        this.erroredSourceIds.clear()
+        this.pendingGraphRuns.clear()
+        this.graphCache = undefined
+        this.inputsCache = undefined
+        this.pipelineCache = undefined
+        this.sourceWhereClausesCache = undefined
+        this.bucketFacadesCache = undefined
+        this.lazySources.clear()
+        this.demandGenerations.clear()
+        this.activeDemands.clear()
+        this.latestSubsetOutcomes.clear()
+        this.lastWindowOutcomes = []
+        this.optimizableOrderByCollections = {}
+        this.lazySourcesCallbacks = {}
+        this.compiledAliasToCollectionId = {}
+      }
 
       if (firstCleanupError !== undefined) throw firstCleanupError
+      tornDown = true
     }
 
     try {
@@ -864,11 +885,18 @@ export class CollectionConfigBuilder<
 
       // Listen for scheduler context clears to clean up our pending state
       // Re-register on each sync start so the listener is active for the sync session's lifetime
-      this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears = transactionScopedScheduler.onClear(
+      const schedulerUnsubscribe = transactionScopedScheduler.onClear(
         (contextId) => {
           this.clearPendingGraphRun(contextId)
         },
       )
+      this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears = schedulerUnsubscribe
+      syncState.unsubscribeCallbacks.add(() => {
+        schedulerUnsubscribe()
+        if (this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears === schedulerUnsubscribe) {
+          this.unsubscribeFromSchedulerClears = undefined
+        }
+      })
 
       // Listen for loadingSubset changes on the live query collection BEFORE subscribing.
       // This ensures we don't miss the event if subset loading completes synchronously.
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-subscriber.ts b/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-subscriber.ts
index d1bdfc01d0..08a04573e1 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-subscriber.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/live/collection-subscriber.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import type { Collection } from '../../collection/index.js'
 import type {
   AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
   ChangeMessage,
+  LoadSubsetOptions,
   LoadSubsetRequestResult,
   SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent,
   SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent,
@@ -55,7 +56,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
 
   // Direct load tracking callback for ordered path (set during subscribeToOrderedChanges,
   // used by loadNextItems for subsequent requestLimitedSnapshot calls)
-  private orderedLoadSubsetResult?: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void
+  private orderedLoadSubsetResult?: (
+    result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ) => void
   private pendingOrderedLoadPromise:
     | Promise<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome>
     | undefined
@@ -88,7 +92,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
     // Direct load promise tracking: pipes loadSubset results straight to the
     // live query collection, avoiding the multi-hop deferred promise chain that
     // can break under microtask timing (e.g., queueMicrotask in TanStack Query).
-    const trackLoadResult = (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => {
+    const trackLoadResult = (
+      result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    ) => {
       if (result instanceof Promise) {
         // Defer the tracked rejection by one microtask so the subscription's
         // error event can put an initial live query in error before loading
@@ -110,6 +117,13 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
           )
         }
       } else {
+        const outcome = this.collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(demand)
+        if (outcome) {
+          this.collectionConfigBuilder.trackRetainedSubsetOutcome(
+            outcome,
+            this.sourceId,
+          )
+        }
         initialSubsetPending = false
       }
     }
@@ -190,6 +204,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
 
       this.demand.clear()
       subscription.unsubscribe()
+      this.collectionConfigBuilder.releaseSubscriptionReference(
+        this.sourceId,
+        subscription,
+      )
     }
     // currentSyncState is always defined when subscribe() is called
     // (called during sync session setup)
@@ -286,7 +304,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
     whereExpression: BasicExpression<boolean> | undefined,
     includeInitialState: boolean,
     onStatusChange: (event: SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent) => void,
-    onLoadSubsetResult: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void,
+    onLoadSubsetResult: (
+      result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    ) => void,
     onLoadSubsetError: (event: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent) => void,
   ): CollectionSubscription {
     const sendChanges = (
@@ -321,7 +342,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
     whereExpression: BasicExpression<boolean> | undefined,
     orderByInfo: OrderByOptimizationInfo,
     onStatusChange: (event: SubscriptionStatusChangeEvent) => void,
-    onLoadSubsetResult: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void,
+    onLoadSubsetResult: (
+      result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    ) => void,
     onLoadSubsetError: (event: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent) => void,
   ): CollectionSubscription {
     const { orderBy, offset, limit, index } = orderByInfo
@@ -329,7 +353,10 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
     // Store the callback so loadNextItems can also use direct tracking.
     // Track in-flight ordered loads to avoid issuing redundant requests while
     // a previous snapshot is still pending.
-    const handleLoadSubsetResult = (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => {
+    const handleLoadSubsetResult = (
+      result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+      demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    ) => {
       if (result instanceof Promise) {
         this.pendingOrderedLoadPromise = result
         const finish = () => {
@@ -339,7 +366,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
         }
         void result.then(finish, finish)
       }
-      onLoadSubsetResult(result)
+      onLoadSubsetResult(result, demand)
     }
 
     this.orderedLoadSubsetResult = handleLoadSubsetResult
@@ -520,7 +547,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
         limit: n,
         minValues: cursor.minValues,
         trackLoadSubsetPromise: false,
-        onLoadSubsetResult: (result) => {
+        onLoadSubsetResult: (result, demand) => {
           if (result instanceof Promise) {
             void result.then(undefined, () => {
               if (this.lastLoadRequestKey === loadRequestKey) {
@@ -528,7 +555,7 @@ export class CollectionSubscriber<
               }
             })
           }
-          this.orderedLoadSubsetResult?.(result)
+          this.orderedLoadSubsetResult?.(result, demand)
         },
       })
     } catch (error) {
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/load-subset-outcome.ts b/packages/db/src/query/load-subset-outcome.ts
index ef3151f758..f95d72b94d 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/load-subset-outcome.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/load-subset-outcome.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ export function createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
   generation: number,
   sourceResult: void | LoadSubsetResult,
 ): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+  const appliedRowKeys = sourceResult?.appliedRowKeys
   return {
     collectionId,
     demand,
@@ -64,6 +65,9 @@ export function createAppliedLoadSubsetOutcome(
         : sourceResult?.hasMore === false
           ? `exhausted`
           : `unknown`,
+    ...(appliedRowKeys === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { appliedRowKeys: Object.freeze([...appliedRowKeys]) }),
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/runtime-reference-identity.ts b/packages/db/src/query/runtime-reference-identity.ts
index 15d7b82b6d..6f60b95554 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/runtime-reference-identity.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/runtime-reference-identity.ts
@@ -5,24 +5,48 @@ export type RuntimeReferenceIdentity = [
 ]
 
 export function createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory(): (
-  value: object,
+  value: object | symbol,
 ) => RuntimeReferenceIdentity {
-  const namespace = createRuntimeReferenceNamespace()
+  let namespace: string | undefined
   const referenceIds = new WeakMap<object, number>()
+  // Symbols cannot be WeakMap keys. Stable identity for the same live symbol
+  // therefore costs one strong entry for this factory's lifetime. Eviction
+  // would let a later lookup assign a different identity and corrupt cache
+  // equality, so keep this explicit until JavaScript offers weak symbol keys.
+  const symbolReferenceIds = new Map<symbol, number>()
   let sequence = 0
 
   return (value) => {
-    let referenceId = referenceIds.get(value)
-    if (referenceId === undefined) {
-      referenceId = ++sequence
-      referenceIds.set(value, referenceId)
+    namespace ??= createRuntimeReferenceNamespace()
+    let referenceId: number | undefined
+    if (typeof value === `symbol`) {
+      referenceId = symbolReferenceIds.get(value)
+      if (referenceId === undefined) {
+        referenceId = ++sequence
+        symbolReferenceIds.set(value, referenceId)
+      }
+    } else {
+      referenceId = referenceIds.get(value)
+      if (referenceId === undefined) {
+        referenceId = ++sequence
+        referenceIds.set(value, referenceId)
+      }
     }
     return [`runtimeReference`, namespace, referenceId]
   }
 }
 
-export const getRuntimeReferenceIdentity =
-  createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
+let runtimeReferenceIdentityFactory:
+  | ReturnType<typeof createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory>
+  | undefined
+
+export function getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(
+  value: object | symbol,
+): RuntimeReferenceIdentity {
+  runtimeReferenceIdentityFactory ??= createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
+
+  return runtimeReferenceIdentityFactory(value)
+}
 
 function createRuntimeReferenceNamespace(): string {
   const randomValues = new Uint32Array(4)
diff --git a/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts b/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts
index 1e457ba097..d36ce0892d 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/query/subset-dedupe.ts
@@ -254,6 +254,26 @@ export class DeduplicatedLoadSubset {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Invalidates request coverage when its Collection owner releases it.
+   *
+   * Deduplication is safe only while the rows established by the remembered
+   * requests remain available to the Collection. Core may delete those rows
+   * after the final subset owner releases, so adapters that retain this helper
+   * across live-query lifetimes must return this method as their unloadSubset
+   * callback.
+   *
+   * The reset is intentionally conservative. One released request may clear
+   * evidence still useful to another owner, causing a later refetch, but it can
+   * never reuse evidence for rows that core no longer retains. Until adapters
+   * report which retained rows came from which demand, the settled-case cost is
+   * bounded to one new physical request for each distinct demand revisited
+   * before deduplication state is rebuilt.
+   */
+  unloadSubset = (_options: LoadSubsetOptions): void => {
+    this.reset()
+  }
+
   /**
    * Reset all tracking state.
    * Clears the history of loaded predicates and in-flight calls.
diff --git a/packages/db/src/types.ts b/packages/db/src/types.ts
index 1e070abcfe..fdf7f3bec4 100644
--- a/packages/db/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/db/src/types.ts
@@ -344,6 +344,12 @@ export interface LoadSubsetResult {
    * direction.
    */
   hasMore: boolean | undefined
+  /**
+   * Keys whose establishing writes were applied by this exact acquisition.
+   * @internal Coverage bookkeeping only; adapters omit this unless they can
+   * prove row provenance for the returned result.
+   */
+  appliedRowKeys?: ReadonlyArray<string | number>
 }
 
 /** @internal Normalized source extent for one applied subset demand. */
@@ -360,6 +366,8 @@ export interface AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
   demand: LoadSubsetOptions
   generation: number
   extent: SourceExtent
+  /** @internal Applied row provenance supplied by the exact acquisition. */
+  appliedRowKeys?: ReadonlyArray<string | number>
 }
 
 /** @internal Result returned by the collection's normalized subset boundary. */
@@ -973,7 +981,10 @@ export interface SubscribeChangesOptions<
    * Allows the caller to directly track the loading promise for isReady status.
    * @internal
    */
-  onLoadSubsetResult?: (result: LoadSubsetRequestResult) => void
+  onLoadSubsetResult?: (
+    result: LoadSubsetRequestResult,
+    demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+  ) => void
   /** Receives subset-load failures scoped to this subscription. @internal */
   onLoadSubsetError?: (event: SubscriptionLoadSubsetErrorEvent) => void
 }
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription-replay-oracle.property.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription-replay-oracle.property.test.ts
index eabf80b23e..b11d2622e6 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription-replay-oracle.property.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription-replay-oracle.property.test.ts
@@ -77,6 +77,17 @@ type SequentialReplayScenario = {
   loads: ReadonlyArray<SequentialReplayLoad>
 }
 
+type ReplayCompletionScenario = {
+  delivery: `return` | `resolve`
+  obsoleteBy:
+    | `stay-active`
+    | `release-snapshot`
+    | `unsubscribe`
+    | `request-abort`
+    | `newer-truncate`
+  failingUnload: `none` | `initial` | `first-replay`
+}
+
 type CleanupRestartScenario = {
   oldOutcome: `resolve` | `reject`
   newOutcome: `resolve` | `reject`
@@ -217,6 +228,44 @@ const sequentialReplayScenarioArbitrary: fc.Arbitrary<SequentialReplayScenario>
     ),
   })
 
+const replayCompletionScenarioArbitrary: fc.Arbitrary<ReplayCompletionScenario> =
+  fc.record({
+    delivery: fc.constantFrom(`return` as const, `resolve` as const),
+    obsoleteBy: fc.constantFrom(
+      `stay-active` as const,
+      `release-snapshot` as const,
+      `unsubscribe` as const,
+      `request-abort` as const,
+      `newer-truncate` as const,
+    ),
+    failingUnload: fc.constantFrom(
+      `none` as const,
+      `initial` as const,
+      `first-replay` as const,
+    ),
+  })
+
+const exhaustiveReplayCompletionScenarios: Array<ReplayCompletionScenario> = [
+  `return` as const,
+  `resolve` as const,
+].flatMap((delivery) =>
+  (
+    [
+      `stay-active`,
+      `release-snapshot`,
+      `unsubscribe`,
+      `request-abort`,
+      `newer-truncate`,
+    ] as const
+  ).flatMap((obsoleteBy) =>
+    ([`none`, `initial`, `first-replay`] as const).map((failingUnload) => ({
+      delivery,
+      obsoleteBy,
+      failingUnload,
+    })),
+  ),
+)
+
 const cleanupRestartScenarioArbitrary: fc.Arbitrary<CleanupRestartScenario> =
   fc.record({
     oldOutcome: fc.constantFrom(`resolve` as const, `reject` as const),
@@ -955,6 +1004,170 @@ async function runSequentialReplayScenario(
   }
 }
 
+let replayCompletionHarnessId = 0
+
+async function runReplayCompletionScenario(
+  scenario: ReplayCompletionScenario,
+): Promise<void> {
+  let begin!: () => void
+  let commit!: () => void
+  let truncate!: () => void
+  const requestAbortController = new AbortController()
+  const where = new Func(`eq`, [new PropRef([`id`]), new Value(`one`)])
+  const loads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+  const leases = new Map<
+    LoadSubsetOptions,
+    { index: number; attempts: number; accepted: number; active: boolean }
+  >()
+  const pending: Array<ReturnType<typeof createDeferred<void>>> = []
+  let actionRan = false
+  let failedUnload = false
+
+  const truncateSource = () => {
+    begin()
+    truncate()
+    commit()
+  }
+
+  const runObsolescenceAction = () => {
+    if (actionRan) return
+    actionRan = true
+    try {
+      switch (scenario.obsoleteBy) {
+        case `stay-active`:
+          break
+        case `release-snapshot`:
+          subscription.releaseSnapshot(where)
+          break
+        case `unsubscribe`:
+          subscription.unsubscribe()
+          break
+        case `request-abort`:
+          requestAbortController.abort()
+          break
+        case `newer-truncate`:
+          truncateSource()
+          break
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // A failed physical release remains active and must be retried below.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const collection = createCollection<ReplayRow>({
+    id: `replay-completion-authority-${replayCompletionHarnessId++}`,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    sync: {
+      sync: (params) => {
+        begin = params.begin
+        commit = params.commit
+        truncate = params.truncate
+        params.markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: (options) => {
+            const index = loads.length
+            loads.push(options)
+            leases.set(options, {
+              index,
+              attempts: 0,
+              accepted: 0,
+              active: true,
+            })
+            if (index === 0) return true
+
+            if (scenario.delivery === `return`) {
+              if (index === 1) runObsolescenceAction()
+              return true
+            }
+
+            const deferred = createDeferred<void>()
+            pending.push(deferred)
+            return deferred.promise
+          },
+          unloadSubset: (options) => {
+            const lease = leases.get(options)
+            if (!lease) throw new Error(`Unknown replay acquisition`)
+            lease.attempts++
+            const shouldFail =
+              !failedUnload &&
+              ((scenario.failingUnload === `initial` && lease.index === 0) ||
+                (scenario.failingUnload === `first-replay` &&
+                  lease.index === 1))
+            if (shouldFail) {
+              failedUnload = true
+              throw new Error(`Physical release failed`)
+            }
+            lease.accepted++
+            lease.active = false
+          },
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+  const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {}, {
+    includeInitialState: false,
+  })
+
+  try {
+    subscription.requestSnapshot({
+      where,
+      signal: requestAbortController.signal,
+      optimizedOnly: false,
+    })
+    truncateSource()
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    if (scenario.delivery === `resolve`) {
+      runObsolescenceAction()
+      await flushPromises()
+      const settlementOrder =
+        scenario.obsoleteBy === `newer-truncate`
+          ? [...pending].reverse()
+          : pending
+      for (const deferred of settlementOrder) {
+        deferred.resolve()
+        await flushPromises()
+      }
+    }
+
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(actionRan).toBe(true)
+    expect(loads).toHaveLength(scenario.obsoleteBy === `newer-truncate` ? 3 : 2)
+
+    for (let retry = 0; retry < 3; retry++) {
+      try {
+        subscription.unsubscribe()
+      } catch {
+        // Retrying a failed exact release is required and remains idempotent.
+      }
+      await flushPromises()
+      if ([...leases.values()].every(({ active }) => !active)) break
+    }
+
+    for (const lease of leases.values()) {
+      expect(lease.accepted).toBe(1)
+      expect(lease.active).toBe(false)
+      expect(lease.attempts).toBe(
+        1 +
+          Number(
+            (scenario.failingUnload === `initial` && lease.index === 0) ||
+              (scenario.failingUnload === `first-replay` && lease.index === 1),
+          ),
+      )
+    }
+  } finally {
+    for (const deferred of pending) deferred.resolve()
+    await flushPromises()
+    try {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+    } catch {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+    }
+    await collection.cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
 async function runCleanupRestartScenario(
   scenario: CleanupRestartScenario,
 ): Promise<void> {
@@ -1974,6 +2187,28 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription replay oracle`, () => {
     runSequentialReplayScenario,
   )
 
+  it(`releases every exact acquisition once across bounded replay completion histories`, async () => {
+    for (const scenario of exhaustiveReplayCompletionScenarios) {
+      await runReplayCompletionScenario(scenario)
+    }
+  })
+
+  fcTest.prop([replayCompletionScenarioArbitrary], {
+    numRuns: generatedRuns,
+    seed: 1761,
+  })(
+    `preserves replay completion authority for a fixed seed`,
+    runReplayCompletionScenario,
+  )
+
+  fcTest.prop(
+    [replayCompletionScenarioArbitrary],
+    oracleRandomParameters(generatedRuns, replaySeed),
+  )(
+    `preserves replay completion authority for a random or replayed seed`,
+    runReplayCompletionScenario,
+  )
+
   fcTest.prop([cleanupRestartScenarioArbitrary], {
     numRuns: generatedRuns,
     seed: 1757,
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription.test.ts
index ed7bc380b8..fa178bcd54 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/collection-subscription.test.ts
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
       expect(loads).toHaveLength(2)
       expect(subscription.status).toBe(`loadingSubset`)
 
-      replay.reject(new DOMException(`replacement abandoned`, `AbortError`))
+      replay.resolve()
       await flushPromises()
       expect(subscription.status).toBe(`ready`)
       expect(subscription.lastError).toEqual(
@@ -584,6 +584,74 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
     }
   })
 
+  it.each([`return`, `resolve`] as const)(
+    `keeps same-key replay visible while only authoritative completion publishes ownership ($0)`,
+    async (delivery) => {
+      type Row = { id: string; value: number }
+      let begin!: () => void
+      let write!: (message: { type: `insert`; value: Row }) => void
+      let commit!: () => void
+      let truncate!: () => void
+      let loadCount = 0
+      const collection = createCollection<Row>({
+        id: `same-key-replay-ownership-${delivery}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        sync: {
+          sync: (params) => {
+            begin = params.begin
+            write = params.write
+            commit = params.commit
+            truncate = params.truncate
+            params.markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: () => {
+                loadCount++
+                begin()
+                write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `same`, value: 1 } })
+                commit()
+                const outcome = {
+                  hasMore: false,
+                  appliedRowKeys: [`same`],
+                }
+                return loadCount === 1 || delivery === `resolve`
+                  ? Promise.resolve(outcome)
+                  : true
+              },
+              unloadSubset: () => {},
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+      const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {}, {
+        includeInitialState: false,
+      })
+
+      try {
+        subscription.requestSnapshot({ optimizedOnly: false })
+        await flushPromises()
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`same`])
+
+        begin()
+        truncate()
+        commit()
+        await flushPromises()
+
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`same`])
+        expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(
+          delivery === `resolve` ? 1 : 0,
+        )
+
+        subscription.unsubscribe()
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual(
+          delivery === `resolve` ? [] : [`same`],
+        )
+      } finally {
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
   it.each([`releaseSnapshot`, `unsubscribe`] as const)(
     `retries a failed deferred release through %s`,
     async (releaseMode) => {
@@ -660,6 +728,74 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
     },
   )
 
+  it(`retries the exact pending replay acquisition after release fails`, async () => {
+    const replay = createDeferred<void>()
+    const loads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+    const unloads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+    const failure = new Error(`pending replay release failed`)
+    let failedPendingRelease = false
+    let begin!: () => void
+    let commit!: () => void
+    let truncate!: () => void
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `failed-pending-replay-release`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      sync: {
+        sync: (params) => {
+          begin = params.begin
+          commit = params.commit
+          truncate = params.truncate
+          params.markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: (options) => {
+              loads.push(options)
+              return loads.length === 1 ? Promise.resolve() : replay.promise
+            },
+            unloadSubset: (options) => {
+              unloads.push(options)
+              if (options === loads[1] && !failedPendingRelease) {
+                failedPendingRelease = true
+                throw failure
+              }
+            },
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {}, {
+      includeInitialState: false,
+    })
+
+    try {
+      subscription.requestSnapshot({ optimizedOnly: false })
+      await flushPromises()
+
+      begin()
+      truncate()
+      commit()
+      await flushPromises()
+      expect(loads).toHaveLength(2)
+
+      expect(() => subscription.unsubscribe()).toThrow(failure)
+      expect(() => subscription.unsubscribe()).not.toThrow()
+
+      const pendingUnloads = unloads.filter((options) => options === loads[1])
+      expect(pendingUnloads).toEqual([loads[1], loads[1]])
+      expect(unloads.filter((options) => options === loads[0])).toEqual([
+        loads[0],
+      ])
+
+      replay.resolve()
+      await flushPromises()
+      expect(unloads.filter((options) => options === loads[1])).toHaveLength(2)
+    } finally {
+      replay.resolve()
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
   it.each([`return`, `resolve`] as const)(
     `publishes active subset ownership before a reentrant unsubscribe (%s)`,
     async (resultKind) => {
@@ -850,7 +986,7 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
     }
   })
 
-  it(`uses the acquired options when deferred load reentrantly unsubscribes`, async () => {
+  it(`does not retain coverage when a deferred load reentrantly unsubscribes`, async () => {
     const loads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
     const unloads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
     let unsubscribeDuringLoad = () => {}
@@ -866,7 +1002,7 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
             loadSubset: (options) => {
               loads.push(options)
               unsubscribeDuringLoad()
-              return Promise.resolve()
+              return Promise.resolve({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [] })
             },
             unloadSubset: (options) => {
               // Model an adapter that silently ignores an unknown acquisition.
@@ -890,6 +1026,7 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
 
       expect(loads).toHaveLength(1)
       expect(unloads).toEqual([loads[0]])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
 
       subscription.unsubscribe()
       expect(unloads).toHaveLength(1)
@@ -1005,6 +1142,62 @@ describe(`CollectionSubscription status tracking`, () => {
     await collection.cleanup()
   })
 
+  it(`releases each acquisition once when a synchronous replay releases its demand`, async () => {
+    const loads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+    const unloads: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+    const where = new Func(`eq`, [new PropRef([`id`]), new Value(`requested`)])
+    let truncateSource: () => void = () => {
+      throw new Error(`source has not started`)
+    }
+    let releaseReplayDemand: () => void = () => {
+      throw new Error(`subscription has not started`)
+    }
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `synchronous-replay-release`,
+      getKey: (item) => item.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, commit, markReady, truncate }) => {
+          markReady()
+          truncateSource = () => {
+            begin()
+            truncate()
+            commit()
+          }
+          return {
+            loadSubset: (options) => {
+              loads.push(options)
+              if (loads.length === 2) releaseReplayDemand()
+              return true
+            },
+            unloadSubset: (options) => unloads.push(options),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {}, {
+      includeInitialState: false,
+    })
+    releaseReplayDemand = () => subscription.releaseSnapshot(where)
+
+    try {
+      subscription.requestSnapshot({
+        where,
+        optimizedOnly: false,
+      })
+      truncateSource()
+      await flushPromises()
+
+      expect(loads).toHaveLength(2)
+      expect(unloads).toHaveLength(2)
+      expect(unloads[0]).toBe(loads[1])
+      expect(unloads[1]).toBe(loads[0])
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
   it.each([`throw`, `reject`] as const)(
     `keeps the last published snapshot when truncate replay fails ($0)`,
     async (delivery) => {
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/collection-sync-reentrancy.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/collection-sync-reentrancy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0239bf772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/collection-sync-reentrancy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+import { fc, test as fcTest } from '@fast-check/vitest'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { createCollection } from '../src/collection/index.js'
+import { createDeferred } from '../src/deferred.js'
+import { oracleRandomParameters, readOracleRunConfig } from './oracle-config.js'
+import { flushPromises } from './utils.js'
+import type { SyncConfig } from '../src/types.js'
+
+type Row = {
+  id: number
+  value: string
+}
+
+type SyncOps = Parameters<SyncConfig<Row, number>[`sync`]>[0]
+
+type ListenerAction = `commit` | `abort`
+
+type ListenerScenario = {
+  beforeOpen: ReadonlyArray<ListenerAction>
+  leaveOpen: boolean
+  afterOpen: ReadonlyArray<ListenerAction>
+}
+
+const listenerActionArbitrary = fc.constantFrom<ListenerAction>(
+  `commit`,
+  `abort`,
+)
+
+const listenerScenarioArbitrary: fc.Arbitrary<ListenerScenario> = fc.record({
+  beforeOpen: fc.array(listenerActionArbitrary, { maxLength: 2 }),
+  leaveOpen: fc.boolean(),
+  afterOpen: fc.array(listenerActionArbitrary, { maxLength: 2 }),
+})
+
+function enumerateActions(maxLength: number): Array<Array<ListenerAction>> {
+  const histories: Array<Array<ListenerAction>> = [[]]
+  for (let length = 1; length <= maxLength; length++) {
+    const previous = histories.filter(
+      (history) => history.length === length - 1,
+    )
+    histories.push(
+      ...previous.flatMap((history) =>
+        ([`commit`, `abort`] as const).map((action) => [...history, action]),
+      ),
+    )
+  }
+  return histories
+}
+
+const exhaustiveListenerScenarios: Array<ListenerScenario> = enumerateActions(
+  2,
+).flatMap((beforeOpen) =>
+  enumerateActions(2).flatMap((afterOpen) =>
+    [false, true].map((leaveOpen) => ({
+      beforeOpen,
+      leaveOpen,
+      afterOpen,
+    })),
+  ),
+)
+
+let generatedHarnessId = 0
+
+function createSyncHarness(id: string) {
+  let sync!: SyncOps
+  const collection = createCollection<Row, number>({
+    id,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    startSync: true,
+    sync: {
+      sync: (ops) => {
+        sync = ops
+        ops.markReady()
+      },
+    },
+  })
+
+  return {
+    collection,
+    get sync() {
+      return sync
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+function stageInsert(
+  sync: SyncOps,
+  row: Row,
+  options?: { immediate?: boolean },
+): void {
+  sync.begin(options)
+  sync.write({ type: `insert`, value: row })
+}
+
+async function runListenerScenario(scenario: ListenerScenario): Promise<void> {
+  const harness = createSyncHarness(
+    `generated-listener-sync-${generatedHarnessId++}`,
+  )
+  const { collection } = harness
+  const appliedKeys: Array<number> = []
+  const originalSet = collection._state.syncedData.set.bind(
+    collection._state.syncedData,
+  )
+  vi.spyOn(collection._state.syncedData, `set`).mockImplementation(
+    (key, value) => {
+      appliedKeys.push(key)
+      return originalSet(key, value)
+    },
+  )
+  const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+  const committedKeys: Array<number> = []
+  const committedReceipts: Array<Promise<void>> = []
+  const abortedReceipts: Array<PromiseSettledResult<void>> = []
+  let openKey: number | undefined
+  let nextKey = 2
+  let listenerDepth = 0
+  let maxListenerDepth = 0
+  let ranActions = false
+
+  const runAction = (action: ListenerAction) => {
+    const key = nextKey++
+    stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: key, value: action })
+    if (action === `commit`) {
+      committedKeys.push(key)
+      const receipt = harness.sync.commit()
+      if (receipt !== true) committedReceipts.push(receipt)
+      return
+    }
+
+    const controller = new AbortController()
+    controller.abort()
+    const receipt = harness.sync.commit(controller.signal)
+    if (receipt !== true) {
+      void receipt.then(
+        () => abortedReceipts.push({ status: `fulfilled`, value: undefined }),
+        (reason) => abortedReceipts.push({ status: `rejected`, reason }),
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+    listenerDepth++
+    maxListenerDepth = Math.max(maxListenerDepth, listenerDepth)
+    batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+
+    if (!ranActions && changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+      ranActions = true
+      scenario.beforeOpen.forEach(runAction)
+      if (scenario.leaveOpen) {
+        openKey = nextKey++
+        stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: openKey, value: `open` })
+      }
+      scenario.afterOpen.forEach(runAction)
+    }
+
+    listenerDepth--
+  })
+
+  try {
+    stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+    harness.sync.commit()
+
+    expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1, ...committedKeys])
+    expect(batches).toEqual([
+      [1],
+      ...(committedKeys.length > 0 ? [committedKeys] : []),
+    ])
+    expect(maxListenerDepth).toBe(1)
+    await Promise.all(committedReceipts)
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(committedReceipts).toHaveLength(committedKeys.length)
+    expect(abortedReceipts).toHaveLength(
+      scenario.beforeOpen.filter((action) => action === `abort`).length +
+        scenario.afterOpen.filter((action) => action === `abort`).length,
+    )
+    expect(abortedReceipts.every(({ status }) => status === `rejected`)).toBe(
+      true,
+    )
+
+    if (openKey !== undefined) {
+      harness.sync.commit()
+      expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1, ...committedKeys, openKey])
+      expect(batches.at(-1)).toEqual([openKey])
+    }
+
+    expect(collection._state.pendingSyncedTransactions).toHaveLength(0)
+  } finally {
+    subscription.unsubscribe()
+    await collection.cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
+const { multiplier, replaySeed } = readOracleRunConfig()
+const generatedRuns = 30 * multiplier
+
+describe(`sync publication reentrancy`, () => {
+  it(`preserves sync work opened by a listener until it is committed`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-opened-sync-work`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    let openedInnerTransaction = false
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+      if (!openedInnerTransaction && changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+        openedInnerTransaction = true
+        stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `inner` })
+      }
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect(openedInnerTransaction).toBe(true)
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toBeUndefined()
+
+      expect(() => harness.sync.commit()).not.toThrow()
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toMatchObject({ id: 2, value: `inner` })
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [2]])
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`publishes listener-committed sync work after the outer batch exactly once`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-committed-sync-work`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    const appliedKeys: Array<number> = []
+    const originalSet = collection._state.syncedData.set.bind(
+      collection._state.syncedData,
+    )
+    vi.spyOn(collection._state.syncedData, `set`).mockImplementation(
+      (key, value) => {
+        appliedKeys.push(key)
+        return originalSet(key, value)
+      },
+    )
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+    let listenerDepth = 0
+    let maxListenerDepth = 0
+    let committedInnerTransaction = false
+
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      listenerDepth++
+      maxListenerDepth = Math.max(maxListenerDepth, listenerDepth)
+      batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+
+      if (!committedInnerTransaction && changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+        committedInnerTransaction = true
+        stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `inner` })
+        harness.sync.commit()
+      }
+
+      listenerDepth--
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1, 2])
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [2]])
+      expect(maxListenerDepth).toBe(1)
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps callback work FIFO across committed, aborted, and open transactions`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-sync-action-order`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+    let ranListenerActions = false
+
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+      if (ranListenerActions || !changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) return
+      ranListenerActions = true
+
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `left-open` })
+
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 3, value: `committed` })
+      harness.sync.metadata!.row.set(3, { source: `listener` })
+      harness.sync.metadata!.collection.set(`listener:commit`, 3)
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 4, value: `aborted` })
+      const controller = new AbortController()
+      controller.abort()
+      const abortedReceipt = harness.sync.commit(controller.signal)
+      if (abortedReceipt !== true) {
+        void abortedReceipt.catch(() => undefined)
+      }
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect(collection.get(3)).toMatchObject({ id: 3, value: `committed` })
+      expect(collection.get(4)).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(collection._state.syncedMetadata.get(3)).toEqual({
+        source: `listener`,
+      })
+      expect(
+        collection._state.syncedCollectionMetadata.get(`listener:commit`),
+      ).toBe(3)
+
+      harness.sync.commit()
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toMatchObject({ id: 2, value: `left-open` })
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [3], [2]])
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`drains listener-committed transactions in staging order`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-sync-fifo`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+    let stagedInnerTransactions = false
+
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+      if (stagedInnerTransactions || !changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+        return
+      }
+      stagedInnerTransactions = true
+
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `first` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 3, value: `second` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect([...collection._state.syncedData.keys()]).toEqual([1, 2, 3])
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [2, 3]])
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`drains callback work before surfacing a listener error`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`throwing-sync-listener`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    const failure = new Error(`listener failed`)
+    const appliedKeys: Array<number> = []
+    const originalSet = collection._state.syncedData.set.bind(
+      collection._state.syncedData,
+    )
+    vi.spyOn(collection._state.syncedData, `set`).mockImplementation(
+      (key, value) => {
+        appliedKeys.push(key)
+        return originalSet(key, value)
+      },
+    )
+    let queuedReceipt: Promise<void> | undefined
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      if (!changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) return
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `queued` })
+      const receipt = harness.sync.commit()
+      if (receipt === true) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected callback-created work to queue`)
+      }
+      queuedReceipt = receipt
+      throw failure
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `first` })
+      expect(() => harness.sync.commit()).toThrow(failure)
+      expect(collection.get(1)).toMatchObject({ id: 1, value: `first` })
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toMatchObject({ id: 2, value: `queued` })
+      expect(queuedReceipt).toBeDefined()
+      await expect(queuedReceipt).resolves.toBeUndefined()
+
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 3, value: `second` })
+      expect(() => harness.sync.commit()).not.toThrow()
+
+      expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1, 2, 3])
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`queues a listener truncate until the outer publication finishes`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-sync-truncate`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    const appliedKeys: Array<number> = []
+    const originalSet = collection._state.syncedData.set.bind(
+      collection._state.syncedData,
+    )
+    vi.spyOn(collection._state.syncedData, `set`).mockImplementation(
+      (key, value) => {
+        appliedKeys.push(key)
+        return originalSet(key, value)
+      },
+    )
+    let stagedTruncate = false
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      if (stagedTruncate || !changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) return
+      stagedTruncate = true
+      harness.sync.begin()
+      harness.sync.truncate()
+      harness.sync.write({
+        type: `insert`,
+        value: { id: 2, value: `replacement` },
+      })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1, 2])
+      expect(collection.get(1)).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toMatchObject({
+        id: 2,
+        value: `replacement`,
+      })
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`queues listener-triggered source-row garbage collection`, async () => {
+    const harness = createSyncHarness(`listener-sync-row-gc`)
+    const { collection } = harness
+    stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 2, value: `released` })
+    harness.sync.commit()
+
+    const appliedKeys: Array<number> = []
+    const originalSet = collection._state.syncedData.set.bind(
+      collection._state.syncedData,
+    )
+    vi.spyOn(collection._state.syncedData, `set`).mockImplementation(
+      (key, value) => {
+        appliedKeys.push(key)
+        return originalSet(key, value)
+      },
+    )
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+    let queuedGarbageCollection = false
+    let listenerDepth = 0
+    let maxListenerDepth = 0
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(
+      (changes) => {
+        listenerDepth++
+        maxListenerDepth = Math.max(maxListenerDepth, listenerDepth)
+        batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+        if (!queuedGarbageCollection && changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+          queuedGarbageCollection = true
+          void collection._state.deleteSyncedRows([2])
+        }
+        listenerDepth--
+      },
+      { includeInitialState: true },
+    )
+    batches.length = 0
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(harness.sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      harness.sync.commit()
+
+      expect(appliedKeys).toEqual([1])
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [2]])
+      expect(maxListenerDepth).toBe(1)
+    } finally {
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`releases applied subset coverage from inside its publication callback`, async () => {
+    let sync!: SyncOps
+    const unloadSubset = vi.fn()
+    const collection = createCollection<Row, number>({
+      id: `listener-subset-release-row-gc`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: (ops) => {
+          sync = ops
+          ops.markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              stageInsert(ops, { id: 2, value: `owned` })
+              const receipt = ops.commit()
+              if (receipt !== true) await receipt
+              return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [2] }
+            },
+            unloadSubset,
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    let ownerUnsubscribed = false
+    const owner = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      if (ownerUnsubscribed || !changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) return
+      ownerUnsubscribed = true
+      owner.unsubscribe()
+    })
+    owner.requestSnapshot({ optimizedOnly: false })
+    await flushPromises()
+    expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+    const batches: Array<Array<number>> = []
+    let listenerDepth = 0
+    let maxListenerDepth = 0
+    const observer = collection.subscribeChanges(
+      (changes) => {
+        listenerDepth++
+        maxListenerDepth = Math.max(maxListenerDepth, listenerDepth)
+        batches.push(changes.map((change) => change.key as number))
+        listenerDepth--
+      },
+      { includeInitialState: true },
+    )
+    batches.length = 0
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` })
+      expect(() => sync.commit()).not.toThrow()
+
+      expect(ownerUnsubscribed).toBe(true)
+      expect(unloadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(collection.get(2)).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(batches).toEqual([[1], [2]])
+      expect(maxListenerDepth).toBe(1)
+    } finally {
+      owner.unsubscribe()
+      observer.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps normal listener sync work queued behind optimistic persistence`, async () => {
+    let sync!: SyncOps
+    const mutation = createDeferred<void>()
+    const collection = createCollection<Row, number>({
+      id: `listener-sync-with-optimistic-work`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: (ops) => {
+          sync = ops
+          ops.markReady()
+        },
+      },
+      onInsert: () => mutation.promise,
+    })
+    const optimisticTransaction = collection.insert({
+      id: 2,
+      value: `optimistic`,
+    })
+    let stagedInnerTransaction = false
+    const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges((changes) => {
+      if (stagedInnerTransaction || !changes.some(({ key }) => key === 1)) {
+        return
+      }
+      stagedInnerTransaction = true
+      stageInsert(sync, { id: 3, value: `queued` })
+      sync.commit()
+    })
+
+    try {
+      stageInsert(sync, { id: 1, value: `outer` }, { immediate: true })
+      sync.commit()
+
+      expect(stagedInnerTransaction).toBe(true)
+      expect(collection.get(3)).toBeUndefined()
+
+      mutation.resolve()
+      await optimisticTransaction.isPersisted.promise
+
+      expect(collection.get(3)).toMatchObject({ id: 3, value: `queued` })
+    } finally {
+      mutation.resolve()
+      subscription.unsubscribe()
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`matches every bounded reentrant listener history`, async () => {
+    for (const scenario of exhaustiveListenerScenarios) {
+      await runListenerScenario(scenario)
+    }
+  })
+
+  fcTest.prop([listenerScenarioArbitrary], {
+    numRuns: generatedRuns,
+    seed: 1774,
+  })(`matches the reentrant drain laws for a fixed seed`, runListenerScenario)
+
+  fcTest.prop(
+    [listenerScenarioArbitrary],
+    oracleRandomParameters(generatedRuns, replaySeed),
+  )(
+    `matches the reentrant drain laws for a random or replayed seed`,
+    runListenerScenario,
+  )
+})
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/load-subset-full-flow-model.ts b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-full-flow-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a688240cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-full-flow-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+export type FullFlowOwnerId = string
+export type FullFlowSessionId = string
+export type FullFlowDemandId = string
+
+export type LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent =
+  | {
+      type: `requestDemand`
+      ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+      sessionId: FullFlowSessionId
+      demandId: FullFlowDemandId
+      alreadyAborted: boolean
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `applyAuthoritativeRows`
+      ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+      demandId: FullFlowDemandId
+      rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `applyUnprovenRows`
+      ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+      demandId: FullFlowDemandId
+      rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `rejectDemand`
+      ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+      demandId: FullFlowDemandId
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `truncateSource`
+      sessionId: FullFlowSessionId
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `releaseDemand`
+      ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+      demandId: FullFlowDemandId
+      rowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+      finalRowOwner: boolean
+      invalidatesAdapterEvidence: boolean
+    }
+  | {
+      type: `restartSession`
+      previousSessionId: FullFlowSessionId
+      nextSessionId: FullFlowSessionId
+    }
+
+export type ExpectedAdapterLifecycleEvent = {
+  type: `invoke` | `release`
+  ownerId: FullFlowOwnerId
+}
+
+/**
+ * Projects logical adapter callback obligations.
+ *
+ * An already-aborted request never crosses the adapter boundary, so its later
+ * logical release has no adapter callback. This projection intentionally says
+ * nothing about physical transport deduplication.
+ */
+export function projectAdapterLifecycle(
+  history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent>,
+): Array<ExpectedAdapterLifecycleEvent> {
+  const invokedOwners = new Set<FullFlowOwnerId>()
+  const projected: Array<ExpectedAdapterLifecycleEvent> = []
+
+  for (const event of history) {
+    if (event.type === `requestDemand` && !event.alreadyAborted) {
+      invokedOwners.add(event.ownerId)
+      projected.push({ type: `invoke`, ownerId: event.ownerId })
+    }
+    if (event.type === `releaseDemand` && invokedOwners.delete(event.ownerId)) {
+      projected.push({ type: `release`, ownerId: event.ownerId })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return projected
+}
+
+/**
+ * Projects physical transport work from adapter evidence lifetime.
+ *
+ * Request settlement alone is not evidence. Only an applied authoritative row
+ * publication makes the exact demand reusable, and an unload that invalidates
+ * that evidence forces the next owner to fetch again.
+ */
+export function projectTransportLoads(
+  history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent>,
+): number {
+  const reusableDemands = new Set<FullFlowDemandId>()
+  const requestEpochs = new Map<FullFlowOwnerId, number>()
+  let sourceEpoch = 0
+  let loads = 0
+
+  for (const event of history) {
+    switch (event.type) {
+      case `requestDemand`:
+        if (!event.alreadyAborted && !reusableDemands.has(event.demandId)) {
+          loads++
+        }
+        if (!event.alreadyAborted) {
+          requestEpochs.set(event.ownerId, sourceEpoch)
+        }
+        break
+      case `applyAuthoritativeRows`:
+        if (requestEpochs.get(event.ownerId) === sourceEpoch) {
+          reusableDemands.add(event.demandId)
+        }
+        break
+      case `truncateSource`:
+        sourceEpoch++
+        reusableDemands.clear()
+        break
+      case `applyUnprovenRows`:
+      case `rejectDemand`:
+        break
+      case `releaseDemand`:
+        if (event.invalidatesAdapterEvidence) {
+          reusableDemands.delete(event.demandId)
+        }
+        break
+      case `restartSession`:
+        break
+    }
+  }
+
+  return loads
+}
+
+/** Projects reusable demand evidence without using registry state. */
+export function projectReusableDemands(
+  history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent>,
+): Array<FullFlowDemandId> {
+  const reusableDemands = new Set<FullFlowDemandId>()
+  const requestEpochs = new Map<FullFlowOwnerId, number>()
+  let sourceEpoch = 0
+
+  for (const event of history) {
+    switch (event.type) {
+      case `requestDemand`:
+        if (!event.alreadyAborted) {
+          requestEpochs.set(event.ownerId, sourceEpoch)
+        }
+        break
+      case `applyAuthoritativeRows`:
+        if (requestEpochs.get(event.ownerId) === sourceEpoch) {
+          reusableDemands.add(event.demandId)
+        }
+        break
+      case `truncateSource`:
+        sourceEpoch++
+        reusableDemands.clear()
+        break
+      case `releaseDemand`:
+        if (event.invalidatesAdapterEvidence) {
+          reusableDemands.delete(event.demandId)
+        }
+        break
+      case `applyUnprovenRows`:
+      case `rejectDemand`:
+      case `restartSession`:
+        break
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...reusableDemands].sort()
+}
+
+/** Derives visible row identity without consulting Collection implementation. */
+export function projectRetainedRowKeys(
+  history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent>,
+): Array<string> {
+  const retainedRows = new Set<string>()
+
+  for (const event of history) {
+    if (
+      event.type === `applyAuthoritativeRows` ||
+      event.type === `applyUnprovenRows`
+    ) {
+      event.rowKeys.forEach((key) => retainedRows.add(key))
+    }
+    if (event.type === `truncateSource`) retainedRows.clear()
+    if (event.type === `releaseDemand` && event.finalRowOwner) {
+      event.rowKeys.forEach((key) => retainedRows.delete(key))
+    }
+  }
+
+  return [...retainedRows].sort()
+}
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/load-subset-lifecycle-model.ts b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-lifecycle-model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd634e8e28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-lifecycle-model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/**
+ * Component model for CoverageRegistry ownership and publication only.
+ *
+ * It deliberately does not model CollectionSubscription start/skip behavior,
+ * session-owned continuations, adapter dedupe retention, transaction
+ * visibility, or public query results. Full-flow histories exercise those
+ * boundaries through real production objects.
+ */
+export type LoadSubsetLifecycleState =
+  | `initial`
+  | `provisional`
+  | `active`
+  | `applied`
+  | `release-pending`
+  | `failed`
+  | `released`
+  | `disposed`
+
+export type LoadSubsetReleaseMode = `lease` | `dispose`
+
+export type LoadSubsetLifecycleEvent =
+  | { type: `startDemand` }
+  | { type: `activateDemand` }
+  | { type: `applyOutcome` }
+  | { type: `failProvisional` }
+  | { type: `publishStaleGeneration` }
+  | { type: `requestRelease` }
+  | { type: `retryPendingRelease` }
+  | { type: `acceptPendingRelease` }
+  | { type: `dispose` }
+  | { type: `publishLateOutcome` }
+
+export type LoadSubsetLifecycleModel = {
+  state: LoadSubsetLifecycleState
+  applied: boolean
+  releaseAccepted: boolean
+  releaseCalls: number
+  releaseMode?: LoadSubsetReleaseMode
+}
+
+export function createLoadSubsetLifecycleModel(): LoadSubsetLifecycleModel {
+  return {
+    state: `initial`,
+    applied: false,
+    releaseAccepted: false,
+    releaseCalls: 0,
+  }
+}
+
+export function canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(
+  model: Readonly<LoadSubsetLifecycleModel>,
+  event: LoadSubsetLifecycleEvent,
+): boolean {
+  switch (event.type) {
+    case `startDemand`:
+      return model.state === `initial`
+    case `activateDemand`:
+    case `failProvisional`:
+      return model.state === `provisional`
+    case `applyOutcome`:
+    case `publishStaleGeneration`:
+      return model.state === `active`
+    case `requestRelease`:
+      return model.state === `active` || model.state === `applied`
+    case `retryPendingRelease`:
+    case `acceptPendingRelease`:
+      return model.state === `release-pending` && !model.releaseAccepted
+    case `dispose`:
+      return (
+        model.state === `initial` ||
+        model.state === `provisional` ||
+        model.state === `active` ||
+        model.state === `applied`
+      )
+    case `publishLateOutcome`:
+      return model.state === `released` || model.state === `disposed`
+  }
+}
+
+export function applyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(
+  model: LoadSubsetLifecycleModel,
+  event: LoadSubsetLifecycleEvent,
+): void {
+  if (!canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, event)) {
+    throw new Error(`Cannot apply ${event.type} while ${model.state}`)
+  }
+
+  switch (event.type) {
+    case `startDemand`:
+      model.state = `provisional`
+      return
+    case `activateDemand`:
+      model.state = `active`
+      return
+    case `applyOutcome`:
+      model.state = `applied`
+      model.applied = true
+      return
+    case `failProvisional`:
+      model.state = `failed`
+      return
+    case `publishStaleGeneration`:
+    case `publishLateOutcome`:
+      return
+    case `requestRelease`:
+      model.state = `release-pending`
+      model.releaseMode = `lease`
+      model.releaseCalls++
+      return
+    case `retryPendingRelease`:
+      model.releaseCalls++
+      return
+    case `acceptPendingRelease`:
+      model.releaseAccepted = true
+      model.releaseCalls++
+      model.state = model.releaseMode === `dispose` ? `disposed` : `released`
+      return
+    case `dispose`:
+      if (model.state === `active` || model.state === `applied`) {
+        model.state = `release-pending`
+        model.releaseMode = `dispose`
+        model.releaseCalls++
+      } else {
+        model.state = `disposed`
+      }
+  }
+}
+
+export function lifecycleOwnsAppliedRows(
+  model: Readonly<LoadSubsetLifecycleModel>,
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    model.applied &&
+    model.state !== `released` &&
+    model.state !== `disposed` &&
+    model.state !== `failed`
+  )
+}
+
+export function lifecyclePublishesCoverage(
+  model: Readonly<LoadSubsetLifecycleModel>,
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    lifecycleOwnsAppliedRows(model) &&
+    (model.state === `applied` || model.state === `release-pending`)
+  )
+}
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/load-subset-outcome.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-outcome.test.ts
index 5c13f1a8c6..cfe048df06 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/load-subset-outcome.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/load-subset-outcome.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 import { createCollection } from '../src/collection/index.js'
 import { DeduplicatedLoadSubset } from '../src/query/subset-dedupe.js'
 import { SubsetDemandController } from '../src/query/live/subset-demand-controller.js'
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ import { createLiveQueryCollection } from '../src/query/index.js'
 import { LIVE_QUERY_INTERNAL } from '../src/query/live/internal.js'
 import { createLiveQueryWindowController } from '../src/live-query-window-controller.js'
 import { Func, PropRef, Value } from '../src/query/ir.js'
+import { eq } from '../src/query/builder/functions.js'
 import { getLoadSubsetDemandKey } from '../src/query/ir-stable-identity.js'
+import { recordLoadSubsetPromiseDemandMatcher } from '../src/query/load-subset-outcome.js'
 import { createDeferred } from '../src/deferred.js'
 import type { LazyDemandPlan } from '../src/query/compiler/joins.js'
 import type {
@@ -17,6 +19,1084 @@ import type {
 } from '../src/types.js'
 
 describe(`loadSubset outcomes`, () => {
+  it(`invalidates applied subset coverage when its source truncates`, async () => {
+    let stageTruncate: () => void = () => {
+      throw new Error(`source has not started`)
+    }
+    let commitSource: () => true | Promise<void> = () => {
+      throw new Error(`source has not started`)
+    }
+    const unloadSubset = vi.fn()
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-outcome-truncate-coverage`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, truncate, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          stageTruncate = () => {
+            begin()
+            truncate()
+          }
+          commitSource = commit
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              begin()
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+              const applied = commit()
+              if (applied !== true) await applied
+              return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`a`] }
+            },
+            unloadSubset,
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    const options = { limit: 1 }
+
+    try {
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`a`])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      stageTruncate()
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`a`])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      const truncated = commitSource()
+      if (truncated !== true) await truncated
+
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(options)).toBeUndefined()
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      expect(unloadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`retires an outcome-free observer after it releases before settlement`, async () => {
+    const deferred = createDeferred<void>()
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-outcome-free-observer`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return { loadSubset: () => deferred.promise }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    const first = { limit: 1 }
+    const second = { limit: 1 }
+
+    try {
+      const firstReady = collection._sync.loadSubset(first)
+      const secondReady = collection._sync.loadSubset(second)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetResourceCounts()).toEqual({
+        liveLeases: 2,
+        acquisitions: 1,
+        claims: 2,
+        unsettledClaims: 2,
+        retainedDemands: 2,
+        retainedOutcomes: 0,
+        retainedRowKeySlots: 0,
+      })
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(first)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetResourceCounts()).toEqual({
+        liveLeases: 1,
+        acquisitions: 1,
+        claims: 2,
+        unsettledClaims: 2,
+        retainedDemands: 1,
+        retainedOutcomes: 0,
+        retainedRowKeySlots: 0,
+      })
+
+      deferred.resolve(undefined)
+      await Promise.all([firstReady, secondReady])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetResourceCounts()).toEqual({
+        liveLeases: 1,
+        acquisitions: 1,
+        claims: 1,
+        unsettledClaims: 0,
+        retainedDemands: 1,
+        retainedOutcomes: 0,
+        retainedRowKeySlots: 0,
+      })
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(second)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetResourceCounts()).toEqual({
+        liveLeases: 0,
+        acquisitions: 0,
+        claims: 0,
+        unsettledClaims: 0,
+        retainedDemands: 0,
+        retainedOutcomes: 0,
+        retainedRowKeySlots: 0,
+      })
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`publishes exact applied coverage through the collection sync boundary`, async () => {
+    const unloadError = new Error(`unload failed`)
+    let unloadShouldFail = true
+    const unloadSubset = vi.fn(() => {
+      if (unloadShouldFail) throw unloadError
+    })
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-outcome-coverage-registry`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              begin()
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `b` } })
+              const applied = commit()
+              if (applied !== true) await applied
+              return {
+                hasMore: true,
+                appliedRowKeys: [`a`, `b`],
+              }
+            },
+            unloadSubset,
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const options = { limit: 2 }
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys()).sort()).toEqual([`a`, `b`])
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([
+        {
+          collectionId: collection.id,
+          demand: { limit: 2 },
+          extent: `continues`,
+          rowKeys: [`a`, `b`],
+        },
+      ])
+
+      expect(() => collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)).toThrow(unloadError)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      unloadShouldFail = false
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(unloadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`retries post-commit row cleanup without applying the delete twice`, async () => {
+    const unloadSubset = vi.fn()
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-coverage-gc-retry`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              begin()
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+              const applied = commit()
+              if (applied !== true) await applied
+              return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`a`] }
+            },
+            unloadSubset,
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const options = { limit: 1 }
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+      const deleteSyncedRows = collection._state.deleteSyncedRows.bind(
+        collection._state,
+      )
+      const cleanupError = new Error(`cleanup observer failed`)
+      const cleanup = vi
+        .spyOn(collection._state, `deleteSyncedRows`)
+        .mockImplementationOnce((keys) => {
+          expect(deleteSyncedRows(keys)).toBe(true)
+          throw cleanupError
+        })
+
+      expect(() => collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)).toThrow(cleanupError)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(cleanup).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(cleanup).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+      expect(unloadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it.each([`first`, `second`] as const)(
+    `keeps one physical exact-peer acquisition until the %s lease releases last`,
+    async (lastLease) => {
+      let resolveLoad!: (result: {
+        hasMore: false
+        appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+      }) => void
+      const sharedLoad = new Promise<{
+        hasMore: false
+        appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+      }>((resolve) => {
+        resolveLoad = resolve
+      })
+      let wrote = false
+      const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+        id: `load-subset-exact-peer-${lastLease}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            const deduplicated = new DeduplicatedLoadSubset({
+              loadSubset: async () => {
+                const result = await sharedLoad
+                if (!wrote) {
+                  wrote = true
+                  begin()
+                  write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+                  const applied = commit()
+                  if (applied !== true) await applied
+                }
+                return result
+              },
+            })
+            return {
+              loadSubset: deduplicated.loadSubset,
+              unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+
+      try {
+        const first = { limit: 1 }
+        const second = { limit: 1 }
+        const firstLoad = collection._sync.loadSubset(first)
+        const secondLoad = collection._sync.loadSubset(second)
+        resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`a`] })
+        if (firstLoad !== true) await firstLoad
+        if (secondLoad !== true) await secondLoad
+
+        const firstRelease = lastLease === `first` ? second : first
+        const finalRelease = lastLease === `first` ? first : second
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(firstRelease)
+        expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`a`])
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(finalRelease)
+        expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      } finally {
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
+  it.each([`wide`, `narrow`] as const)(
+    `keeps one physical promise acquisition across different demands when the %s lease releases first`,
+    async (firstRelease) => {
+      let resolveLoad!: (result: {
+        hasMore: false
+        appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+      }) => void
+      const physicalPromise = new Promise<{
+        hasMore: false
+        appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+      }>((resolve) => {
+        resolveLoad = resolve
+      })
+      let installed = false
+      const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+        id: `load-subset-different-demand-peer-${firstRelease}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: () => {
+                if (!installed) {
+                  installed = true
+                  begin()
+                  write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `shared` } })
+                  commit()
+                }
+                return physicalPromise
+              },
+              unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+
+      try {
+        const owners = {
+          wide: { limit: 10 },
+          narrow: { limit: 5 },
+        }
+        const wide = collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.wide)
+        const narrow = collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.narrow)
+        resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`shared`] })
+        if (wide !== true) await wide
+        if (narrow !== true) await narrow
+
+        const finalRelease = firstRelease === `wide` ? `narrow` : `wide`
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[firstRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`shared`])
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[finalRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      } finally {
+        resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`shared`] })
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
+  it(`keeps physical row ownership when its exact caller releases before settlement`, async () => {
+    let resolveLoad!: (result: {
+      hasMore: false
+      appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }) => void
+    const physicalPromise = new Promise<{
+      hasMore: false
+      appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }>((resolve) => {
+      resolveLoad = resolve
+    })
+    const wideDemand = { limit: 10 }
+    recordLoadSubsetPromiseDemandMatcher(
+      physicalPromise,
+      (candidate) => candidate.limit === wideDemand.limit,
+    )
+    let installed = false
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-released-physical-publisher`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: () => {
+              if (!installed) {
+                installed = true
+                begin()
+                write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `shared` } })
+                commit()
+              }
+              return physicalPromise
+            },
+            unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const narrowDemand = { limit: 5 }
+      const wide = collection._sync.loadSubset(wideDemand)
+      const narrow = collection._sync.loadSubset(narrowDemand)
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(wideDemand)
+
+      resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`shared`] })
+      if (wide !== true) await wide
+      if (narrow !== true) await narrow
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`shared`])
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(narrowDemand)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+    } finally {
+      resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`shared`] })
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it.each([`loaded`, `satisfied`] as const)(
+    `retains exact applied ownership through synchronous true reuse when the %s lease releases first`,
+    async (firstRelease) => {
+      let loadCount = 0
+      const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+        id: `load-subset-true-reuse-${firstRelease}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: () => {
+                loadCount++
+                if (loadCount > 1) return true
+                begin()
+                write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `shared` } })
+                commit()
+                return Promise.resolve({
+                  hasMore: false,
+                  appliedRowKeys: [`shared`],
+                })
+              },
+              unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+
+      try {
+        const owners = {
+          loaded: { limit: 1 },
+          satisfied: { limit: 1 },
+        }
+        await collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.loaded)
+        expect(collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.satisfied)).toBe(true)
+
+        const finalRelease = firstRelease === `loaded` ? `satisfied` : `loaded`
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[firstRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`shared`])
+        expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome({ limit: 1 })).toEqual(
+          expect.objectContaining({
+            extent: `exhausted`,
+            appliedRowKeys: [`shared`],
+          }),
+        )
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[finalRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      } finally {
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
+  it.each(
+    ([`continues`, `exhausted`, `unknown`] as const).flatMap((sourceExtent) =>
+      ([`exact`, `covering`, `narrower`] as const).flatMap((relationship) =>
+        ([`loaded`, `satisfied`] as const).map((firstRelease) => ({
+          sourceExtent,
+          relationship,
+          firstRelease,
+        })),
+      ),
+    ),
+  )(
+    `projects $sourceExtent evidence through $relationship synchronous true reuse when $firstRelease releases first`,
+    async ({ sourceExtent, relationship, firstRelease }) => {
+      let loadCount = 0
+      const rowIds = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, index) => `row-${index}`)
+      const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+        id: `load-subset-true-projection-${sourceExtent}-${relationship}-${firstRelease}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: () => {
+                loadCount++
+                if (loadCount > 1) return true
+                begin()
+                rowIds.forEach((id) => write({ type: `insert`, value: { id } }))
+                commit()
+                return Promise.resolve({
+                  hasMore:
+                    sourceExtent === `unknown`
+                      ? undefined
+                      : sourceExtent === `continues`,
+                  appliedRowKeys: rowIds,
+                })
+              },
+              unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+
+      const owners = {
+        loaded: { limit: 10 },
+        satisfied:
+          relationship === `exact`
+            ? { limit: 10 }
+            : relationship === `covering`
+              ? { offset: 5, limit: 5 }
+              : { limit: 5 },
+      }
+      const satisfiedEnd =
+        (owners.satisfied.offset ?? 0) + owners.satisfied.limit
+      const expectedExtent =
+        relationship === `exact`
+          ? sourceExtent
+          : sourceExtent === `continues` || rowIds.length > satisfiedEnd
+            ? `continues`
+            : sourceExtent === `exhausted`
+              ? `exhausted`
+              : `unknown`
+      const ownsAppliedAcquisition =
+        sourceExtent !== `unknown` ||
+        relationship === `exact` ||
+        relationship === `narrower`
+
+      try {
+        await collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.loaded)
+        expect(collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.satisfied)).toBe(true)
+        if (ownsAppliedAcquisition) {
+          expect(
+            collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(owners.satisfied),
+          ).toEqual(
+            expect.objectContaining({
+              demand: owners.satisfied,
+              extent: expectedExtent,
+              appliedRowKeys: rowIds,
+            }),
+          )
+        } else {
+          expect(
+            collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(owners.satisfied),
+          ).toBeUndefined()
+        }
+        if (sourceExtent === `unknown`) {
+          expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(
+            relationship === `narrower` ? 1 : 0,
+          )
+        }
+
+        const finalRelease = firstRelease === `loaded` ? `satisfied` : `loaded`
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[firstRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys()).sort()).toEqual(
+          firstRelease === `loaded` && !ownsAppliedAcquisition
+            ? []
+            : [...rowIds].sort(),
+        )
+        if (firstRelease === `loaded`) {
+          if (ownsAppliedAcquisition) {
+            expect(
+              collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(owners.satisfied),
+            ).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ extent: expectedExtent }))
+          } else {
+            expect(
+              collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(owners.satisfied),
+            ).toBeUndefined()
+          }
+          expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(
+            !ownsAppliedAcquisition || expectedExtent === `unknown` ? 0 : 1,
+          )
+        } else if (sourceExtent === `unknown`) {
+          expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(0)
+        }
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[finalRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      } finally {
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
+  it(`retries only failed live-query source releases on later cleanup`, async () => {
+    const failure = new Error(`left source unload failed`)
+    let leftShouldFail = true
+    const leftUnload = vi.fn(() => {
+      if (leftShouldFail) throw failure
+    })
+    const rightUnload = vi.fn()
+    const createSource = (id: string, unloadSubset: () => void) =>
+      createCollection<{ id: number }>({
+        id,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        autoIndex: `eager`,
+        defaultIndexType: BasicIndex,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: async () => {
+                begin()
+                write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: 1 } })
+                const applied = commit()
+                if (applied !== true) await applied
+                return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [1] }
+              },
+              unloadSubset,
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+    const left = createSource(`live-cleanup-retry-left`, leftUnload)
+    const right = createSource(`live-cleanup-retry-right`, rightUnload)
+    const live = createLiveQueryCollection({
+      id: `live-cleanup-retry`,
+      query: (q) =>
+        q
+          .from({ left })
+          .leftJoin({ right }, ({ left: leftRow, right: rightRow }) =>
+            eq(leftRow.id, rightRow.id),
+          ),
+      startSync: true,
+    })
+    const originalQueueMicrotask = globalThis.queueMicrotask
+    const queuedMicrotasks: Array<() => void> = []
+
+    try {
+      await live.preload()
+      expect(Array.from(left.keys())).toEqual([1])
+      expect(Array.from(right.keys())).toEqual([1])
+      expect(left._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(right._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      globalThis.queueMicrotask = (callback) => {
+        queuedMicrotasks.push(callback)
+      }
+      await live.cleanup()
+
+      expect(leftUnload).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+      expect(rightUnload).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+      expect(Array.from(left.keys())).toEqual([1])
+      expect(left._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(Array.from(right.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(right._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(queuedMicrotasks).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      let surfacedError: unknown
+      try {
+        queuedMicrotasks[0]!()
+      } catch (error) {
+        surfacedError = error
+      }
+      expect(surfacedError).toMatchObject({ cause: failure })
+
+      leftShouldFail = false
+      await live.cleanup()
+
+      expect(leftUnload).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+      expect(rightUnload).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+      expect(Array.from(left.keys())).toEqual([])
+      expect(left._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(queuedMicrotasks).toHaveLength(1)
+    } finally {
+      globalThis.queueMicrotask = originalQueueMicrotask
+      leftShouldFail = false
+      await Promise.all([live.cleanup(), left.cleanup(), right.cleanup()])
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps prior applied coverage when a newer exact attempt fails`, async () => {
+    type PendingLoad = {
+      succeed: (rowId: string) => Promise<void>
+      reject: (error: Error) => void
+    }
+    const pending: Array<PendingLoad> = []
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-failed-exact-retry`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: () =>
+              new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                pending.push({
+                  succeed: async (rowId) => {
+                    begin()
+                    write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: rowId } })
+                    const applied = commit()
+                    if (applied !== true) await applied
+                    resolve({
+                      hasMore: false,
+                      appliedRowKeys: [rowId],
+                    })
+                  },
+                  reject,
+                })
+              }),
+            unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const firstOptions = { limit: 1 }
+      const retryOptions = { limit: 1 }
+      const first = collection._sync.loadSubset(firstOptions)
+      const retry = collection._sync.loadSubset(retryOptions)
+      if (first === true || retry === true) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected asynchronous loads`)
+      }
+      void retry.catch(() => undefined)
+
+      await pending[0]!.succeed(`first`)
+      await first
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toHaveLength(1)
+
+      pending[1]!.reject(new Error(`retry failed`))
+      await expect(retry).rejects.toThrow(`retry failed`)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toMatchObject([
+        { rowKeys: [`first`] },
+      ])
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps rows applied by an older active acquisition after a newer owner releases`, async () => {
+    type PendingLoad = {
+      succeed: () => Promise<void>
+    }
+    const pending: Array<PendingLoad> = []
+    let hasWrittenRow = false
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-stale-generation-row-owner`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: () =>
+              new Promise((resolve) => {
+                pending.push({
+                  succeed: async () => {
+                    begin()
+                    write({
+                      type: hasWrittenRow ? `update` : `insert`,
+                      value: { id: `shared` },
+                    })
+                    hasWrittenRow = true
+                    const applied = commit()
+                    if (applied !== true) await applied
+                    resolve({
+                      hasMore: false,
+                      appliedRowKeys: [`shared`],
+                    })
+                  },
+                })
+              }),
+            unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const olderOptions = { limit: 1 }
+      const newerOptions = { limit: 1 }
+      const older = collection._sync.loadSubset(olderOptions)
+      const newer = collection._sync.loadSubset(newerOptions)
+      if (older === true || newer === true) {
+        throw new Error(`Expected asynchronous loads`)
+      }
+
+      await pending[1]!.succeed()
+      await newer
+      await pending[0]!.succeed()
+      await older
+
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`shared`])
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(newerOptions)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`shared`])
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(olderOptions)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`owns applied rows even when source extent is unknown`, async () => {
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-unknown-row-provenance`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              begin()
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+              const applied = commit()
+              if (applied !== true) await applied
+              return { hasMore: undefined, appliedRowKeys: [`a`] }
+            },
+            unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const options = { limit: 1 }
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([`a`])
+
+      collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    [`narrow`, `wide`],
+    [`wide`, `narrow`],
+  ] as const)(
+    `garbage-collects overlapping acquisition rows only after the %s owner releases last`,
+    async (firstRelease, finalRelease) => {
+      const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+        id: `load-subset-overlapping-row-owners-${firstRelease}`,
+        getKey: (row) => row.id,
+        syncMode: `on-demand`,
+        startSync: true,
+        sync: {
+          sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+            markReady()
+            return {
+              loadSubset: async (options) => {
+                begin()
+                write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `shared` } })
+                if (options.limit === 2) {
+                  write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `wide-only` } })
+                }
+                const applied = commit()
+                if (applied !== true) await applied
+                return {
+                  hasMore: false,
+                  appliedRowKeys:
+                    options.limit === 2 ? [`shared`, `wide-only`] : [`shared`],
+                }
+              },
+              unloadSubset: vi.fn(),
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      })
+
+      try {
+        const owners = {
+          narrow: { limit: 1 },
+          wide: { limit: 2 },
+        }
+        await collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.narrow)
+        await collection._sync.loadSubset(owners.wide)
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys()).sort()).toEqual([
+          `shared`,
+          `wide-only`,
+        ])
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[firstRelease])
+        expect(collection.has(`shared`)).toBe(true)
+        expect(collection.has(`wide-only`)).toBe(finalRelease === `wide`)
+
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(owners[finalRelease])
+        expect(Array.from(collection.keys())).toEqual([])
+      } finally {
+        await collection.cleanup()
+      }
+    },
+  )
+
+  it(`tracks opaque demand values by runtime reference`, async () => {
+    const loadSubset = vi.fn((_options: LoadSubsetOptions) =>
+      Promise.resolve({ hasMore: false }),
+    )
+    const unloadSubset = vi.fn((_options: LoadSubsetOptions) => {})
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-opaque-demand`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return { loadSubset, unloadSubset }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const field = new PropRef<unknown>([`item`, `value`])
+      const createDemands = (value: unknown): Array<LoadSubsetOptions> => [
+        { where: new Func(`eq`, [field, new Value(value)]) },
+        { where: new Func(`in`, [field, new Value([value])]) },
+        {
+          orderBy: [
+            {
+              expression: new Func(`coalesce`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+              compareOptions: { direction: `asc`, nulls: `first` },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        {
+          cursor: {
+            whereFrom: new Func(`gt`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+            whereCurrent: new Func(`eq`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+          },
+        },
+      ]
+      const demands = [
+        ...createDemands(() => `opaque`),
+        ...createDemands(Symbol(`opaque`)),
+      ]
+
+      for (const options of demands) {
+        const outcome = await collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+        expect(outcome).toMatchObject({ extent: `exhausted` })
+        collection._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      }
+
+      expect(loadSubset.mock.calls.map(([options]) => options)).toEqual(demands)
+      expect(unloadSubset.mock.calls.map(([options]) => options)).toEqual(
+        demands,
+      )
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`snapshots nested ordering options across load and coverage reads`, async () => {
+    let resolveLoad!: (value: {
+      hasMore: false
+      appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }) => void
+    const pending = new Promise<{
+      hasMore: false
+      appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+    }>((resolve) => {
+      resolveLoad = resolve
+    })
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-nested-demand-snapshot`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: async () => {
+              const result = await pending
+              begin()
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id: `a` } })
+              const applied = commit()
+              if (applied !== true) await applied
+              return result
+            },
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const localeOptions = { numeric: true }
+      const options = {
+        limit: 1,
+        orderBy: [
+          {
+            expression: new PropRef([`item`, `name`]),
+            compareOptions: {
+              direction: `asc` as const,
+              nulls: `first` as const,
+              stringSort: `locale` as const,
+              locale: `en`,
+              localeOptions,
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+      const load = collection._sync.loadSubset(options)
+      localeOptions.numeric = false
+      resolveLoad({ hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [`a`] })
+      if (load !== true) await load
+
+      const fact = collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()[0]!
+      expect(
+        (
+          fact.demand.orderBy![0]!.compareOptions as {
+            localeOptions: { numeric: boolean }
+          }
+        ).localeOptions.numeric,
+      ).toBe(true)
+      ;(
+        fact.demand.orderBy![0]!.compareOptions as {
+          localeOptions: { numeric: boolean }
+        }
+      ).localeOptions.numeric = false
+      expect(
+        (
+          collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()[0]!.demand.orderBy![0]!
+            .compareOptions as { localeOptions: { numeric: boolean } }
+        ).localeOptions.numeric,
+      ).toBe(true)
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`does not publish a continuing prefix without applied rows`, async () => {
+    const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+      id: `load-subset-outcome-rowless-coverage`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: () =>
+              Promise.resolve({ hasMore: true, appliedRowKeys: [] }),
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset({ limit: 2 })
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetCoverage()).toEqual([])
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  })
+
   it.each([
     [{ hasMore: true }, `continues`],
     [{ hasMore: false }, `exhausted`],
@@ -510,6 +1590,8 @@ describe(`loadSubset outcomes`, () => {
   it(`retains source-scoped outcomes at the live-query window boundary`, async () => {
     type Row = { id: number; rank: number }
     let nextId = 1
+    let loadCount = 0
+    let skipPhysicalLoad = false
     const source = createCollection<Row>({
       id: `load-subset-outcome-live-source`,
       getKey: (row) => row.id,
@@ -521,15 +1603,20 @@ describe(`loadSubset outcomes`, () => {
         sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
           markReady()
           return {
-            loadSubset: async () => {
-              begin()
-              write({
-                type: `insert`,
-                value: { id: nextId, rank: nextId++ },
-              })
-              const applied = commit()
-              if (applied !== true) await applied
-              return { hasMore: false }
+            loadSubset: () => {
+              if (skipPhysicalLoad) return true
+              loadCount++
+              const id = nextId++
+              return (async () => {
+                begin()
+                write({
+                  type: `insert`,
+                  value: { id, rank: id },
+                })
+                const applied = commit()
+                if (applied !== true) await applied
+                return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [id] }
+              })()
             },
           }
         },
@@ -567,6 +1654,22 @@ describe(`loadSubset outcomes`, () => {
       expect(
         controller[LIVE_QUERY_INTERNAL].getLatestAppliedOutcomes(),
       ).toEqual(internal.getLastWindowOutcomes())
+
+      const callsBeforeNoop = loadCount
+      const retainedOutcomes = internal.getLastWindowOutcomes()
+      skipPhysicalLoad = true
+      const noOp = live.utils.setWindow({ offset: 0, limit: 3 })
+      if (noOp !== true) await noOp
+      expect(loadCount).toBe(callsBeforeNoop)
+      expect(internal.getLastWindowOutcomes()).toEqual(retainedOutcomes)
+      expect(retainedOutcomes).toEqual([
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          collectionId: source.id,
+          sourceId: expect.any(String),
+          extent: `exhausted`,
+          appliedRowKeys: expect.any(Array),
+        }),
+      ])
     } finally {
       controller.dispose()
       await Promise.all([live.cleanup(), source.cleanup()])
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/coverage-registry-oracle.property.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/coverage-registry-oracle.property.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c2e8fc253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/coverage-registry-oracle.property.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2012 @@
+import { fc, test as fcTest } from '@fast-check/vitest'
+import { compareKeys } from '@tanstack/db-ivm'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  CoverageRegistry,
+  createLoadSubsetCoverageRegistry,
+} from '../../src/query/coverage-registry.js'
+import { oraclePropertyOptions } from '../oracle-config.js'
+import type { AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome } from '../../src/types.js'
+import type { Command } from 'fast-check'
+
+type Prefix = number
+type PrefixCoverage = Readonly<{ prefix: Prefix }>
+type RowKey = string | number
+
+function createPrefixRegistry(): CoverageRegistry<
+  Prefix,
+  PrefixCoverage,
+  RowKey
+> {
+  return new CoverageRegistry({
+    coversDemand: (coverage, demand) => coverage.prefix >= demand,
+    coversCoverage: (coverage, candidate) =>
+      coverage.prefix >= candidate.prefix,
+    snapshotCoverage: (coverage) => Object.freeze({ ...coverage }),
+    projectAppliedCoverage: ({ outcome, rows }) => {
+      const prefix = outcome.demand.limit
+      if (outcome.collectionId !== `prefixes` || prefix === undefined) {
+        return undefined
+      }
+      if (rows.size < prefix && outcome.extent !== `exhausted`) {
+        return undefined
+      }
+      return { prefix }
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+function createPrefixOutcome(
+  generation: number,
+  prefix: Prefix,
+  extent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome['extent'] = `exhausted`,
+  collectionId = `prefixes`,
+  sourceId = `items`,
+  rows: ReadonlyArray<RowKey> = [],
+): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+  return {
+    collectionId,
+    sourceId,
+    demand: { limit: prefix },
+    generation,
+    extent,
+    appliedRowKeys: rows,
+  }
+}
+
+function addPrefixAcquisition(
+  registry: CoverageRegistry<Prefix, PrefixCoverage, RowKey>,
+  options: {
+    generation: number
+    leases: ReadonlyArray<ReturnType<typeof registry.addLease>>
+    release: () => void
+    prefix: Prefix
+    sourceId?: string
+  },
+) {
+  return registry.addAcquisition({
+    generation: options.generation,
+    leases: options.leases,
+    release: options.release,
+    scope: {
+      collectionId: `prefixes`,
+      sourceId: options.sourceId ?? `items`,
+      demand: { limit: options.prefix },
+    },
+  })
+}
+
+function publishPrefix(
+  registry: CoverageRegistry<Prefix, PrefixCoverage, RowKey>,
+  acquisition: ReturnType<typeof registry.addAcquisition>,
+  generation: number,
+  coverage: Prefix,
+  rows: ReadonlyArray<RowKey> = [],
+): void {
+  expect(
+    registry.publishOutcome(
+      acquisition,
+      createPrefixOutcome(
+        generation,
+        coverage,
+        `exhausted`,
+        `prefixes`,
+        `items`,
+        rows,
+      ),
+    ),
+  ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+}
+
+type ClaimChurn = `defer` | `outcome-free` | `release-first` | `settle-first`
+
+function runClaimChurn(history: ReadonlyArray<ClaimChurn>, rowCount: number) {
+  const registry = createLoadSubsetCoverageRegistry<RowKey>()
+  const release = vi.fn()
+  const demand = { limit: rowCount }
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: rowCount }, (_, index) => `row-${index}`)
+  const physical = registry.addLease(demand)
+  expect(Reflect.ownKeys(physical)).toEqual([])
+  const acquisition = registry.addAcquisition({
+    generation: 1,
+    scope: { collectionId: `items`, sourceId: `source`, demand },
+    leases: [physical],
+    release,
+  })
+  const initialOutcome = {
+    collectionId: `items`,
+    sourceId: `source`,
+    demand,
+    generation: 1,
+    extent: `exhausted` as const,
+    appliedRowKeys: rows,
+  }
+  expect(
+    registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, physical, initialOutcome),
+  ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: true, rowsToRemove: [] })
+
+  const pending: Array<{
+    lease: ReturnType<typeof registry.addLease>
+    outcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome
+  }> = []
+  const baselineRowKeySlots = rowCount * 2
+  const expectBounded = () => {
+    expect(registry.resourceCounts()).toEqual({
+      liveLeases: 1,
+      acquisitions: 1,
+      claims: 1 + pending.length,
+      unsettledClaims: pending.length,
+      retainedDemands: 1,
+      retainedOutcomes: 0,
+      retainedRowKeySlots: baselineRowKeySlots,
+    })
+    expect(registry.appliedAcquisitionEvidence()).toHaveLength(1)
+  }
+
+  history.forEach((mode, index) => {
+    const generation = index + 2
+    const lease = registry.addLease(demand)
+    const outcome = { ...initialOutcome, generation }
+    registry.attachLease(lease, acquisition, {
+      generation,
+      scope: { collectionId: `items`, sourceId: `source`, demand },
+      coverage: {
+        collectionId: `items`,
+        sourceId: `source`,
+        demand,
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowKeys: rows,
+      },
+      retainedOutcome: outcome,
+      settlementPending: true,
+    })
+
+    if (mode === `settle-first`) {
+      expect(
+        registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, lease, outcome),
+      ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+      expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+      expectBounded()
+      return
+    }
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    pending.push({ lease, outcome })
+    expectBounded()
+    if (mode === `release-first`) {
+      expect(
+        registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, lease, outcome),
+      ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+      pending.pop()
+      expectBounded()
+    } else if (mode === `outcome-free`) {
+      registry.settleLease(acquisition, lease)
+      pending.pop()
+      expectBounded()
+    }
+  })
+
+  while (pending.length > 0) {
+    const next = pending.pop()!
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, next.lease, next.outcome),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+    expectBounded()
+  }
+
+  expect(registry.releaseLease(physical)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: rows })
+  expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  expect(registry.resourceCounts()).toEqual({
+    liveLeases: 0,
+    acquisitions: 0,
+    claims: 0,
+    unsettledClaims: 0,
+    retainedDemands: 0,
+    retainedOutcomes: 0,
+    retainedRowKeySlots: 0,
+  })
+}
+
+type ModelLease = {
+  active: boolean
+  prefix: Prefix
+  acquisitions: Set<number>
+}
+
+type ModelClaim = {
+  generation: number
+  settlementPending: boolean
+  prefix: Prefix
+  sourceId: string
+  coverage: Prefix | undefined
+  retainedOutcome: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome | undefined
+  sequence: number
+}
+
+type ModelAcquisition = {
+  active: boolean
+  applied: boolean
+  evidenceEpoch: number
+  generation: number
+  prefix: Prefix
+  sourceId: string
+  leases: Set<number>
+  claims: Map<number, ModelClaim>
+  rows: Set<RowKey>
+  releaseCalls: number
+  releaseFailuresRemaining: number
+  releaseSettled: boolean
+}
+
+type RegistryModel = {
+  leases: Array<ModelLease>
+  acquisitions: Array<ModelAcquisition>
+  currentByScope: Map<string, { acquisition: number; lease: number }>
+  claimSequence: number
+  evidenceEpoch: number
+}
+
+type ReleaseProbe = {
+  calls: number
+  failuresRemaining: number
+  error: Error
+  release: () => void
+}
+
+type RegistryReal = {
+  registry: CoverageRegistry<Prefix, PrefixCoverage, RowKey>
+  leases: Array<
+    ReturnType<CoverageRegistry<Prefix, PrefixCoverage, RowKey>[`addLease`]>
+  >
+  acquisitions: Array<
+    ReturnType<
+      CoverageRegistry<Prefix, PrefixCoverage, RowKey>[`addAcquisition`]
+    >
+  >
+  releases: Array<ReleaseProbe>
+}
+
+const modelRows = [`a`, `ä`, 2, 10] as const satisfies ReadonlyArray<RowKey>
+
+function activeIndex<T extends { active: boolean }>(
+  records: ReadonlyArray<T>,
+  rawIndex: number,
+): number | undefined {
+  const active = records.flatMap((record, index) =>
+    record.active ? [index] : [],
+  )
+  return active.length === 0 ? undefined : active[rawIndex % active.length]
+}
+
+function activeAcquisitionWithLeaseIndex(
+  model: RegistryModel,
+  rawIndex: number,
+): number | undefined {
+  const candidates = model.acquisitions.flatMap((acquisition, index) =>
+    acquisition.active &&
+    [...acquisition.leases].some((lease) => model.leases[lease]?.active)
+      ? [index]
+      : [],
+  )
+  return candidates.length === 0
+    ? undefined
+    : candidates[rawIndex % candidates.length]
+}
+
+function scopeKey(sourceId: string, prefix: Prefix): string {
+  return `${sourceId}:${prefix}`
+}
+
+function addModelAcquisition(
+  model: RegistryModel,
+  options: {
+    generation: number
+    prefix: Prefix
+    sourceId: string
+    leaseIndex: number
+    failFirstRelease: boolean
+  },
+): number {
+  const index = model.acquisitions.length
+  model.acquisitions.push({
+    active: true,
+    applied: false,
+    evidenceEpoch: model.evidenceEpoch,
+    generation: options.generation,
+    prefix: options.prefix,
+    sourceId: options.sourceId,
+    leases: new Set([options.leaseIndex]),
+    claims: new Map([
+      [
+        options.leaseIndex,
+        {
+          generation: options.generation,
+          settlementPending: true,
+          prefix: options.prefix,
+          sourceId: options.sourceId,
+          coverage: undefined,
+          retainedOutcome: undefined,
+          sequence: model.claimSequence++,
+        },
+      ],
+    ]),
+    rows: new Set(),
+    releaseCalls: 0,
+    releaseFailuresRemaining: options.failFirstRelease ? 1 : 0,
+    releaseSettled: false,
+  })
+  model.leases[options.leaseIndex]!.acquisitions.add(index)
+  return index
+}
+
+function canPublishModelAcquisition(
+  model: RegistryModel,
+  acquisitionIndex: number,
+  leaseIndex: number,
+): boolean {
+  const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+  const claim = acquisition.claims.get(leaseIndex)
+  if (!claim) return false
+  if (!acquisition.active || acquisition.releaseSettled) return false
+  if (acquisition.evidenceEpoch !== model.evidenceEpoch) return false
+  const currentIndex = model.currentByScope.get(
+    scopeKey(claim.sourceId, claim.prefix),
+  )
+  if (
+    currentIndex === undefined ||
+    currentIndex.acquisition === acquisitionIndex
+  ) {
+    return true
+  }
+  const currentClaim = model.acquisitions[currentIndex.acquisition]!.claims.get(
+    currentIndex.lease,
+  )!
+  return claim.generation > currentClaim.generation
+}
+
+function restoreModelCurrent(model: RegistryModel, scope: string): void {
+  const candidate = model.acquisitions
+    .flatMap((acquisition, acquisitionIndex) =>
+      !acquisition.active ||
+      acquisition.releaseSettled ||
+      acquisition.evidenceEpoch !== model.evidenceEpoch
+        ? []
+        : Array.from(acquisition.claims.entries()).map(([lease, claim]) => ({
+            acquisition,
+            acquisitionIndex,
+            lease,
+            claim,
+          })),
+    )
+    .filter(
+      ({ acquisition, lease, claim }) =>
+        acquisition.leases.has(lease) &&
+        claim.coverage !== undefined &&
+        scopeKey(claim.sourceId, claim.prefix) === scope,
+    )
+    .sort((left, right) =>
+      left.claim.generation === right.claim.generation
+        ? right.claim.sequence - left.claim.sequence
+        : right.claim.generation - left.claim.generation,
+    )[0]
+
+  if (candidate) {
+    model.currentByScope.set(scope, {
+      acquisition: candidate.acquisitionIndex,
+      lease: candidate.lease,
+    })
+  } else model.currentByScope.delete(scope)
+}
+
+function replaceModelRows(
+  model: RegistryModel,
+  acquisitionIndex: number,
+  nextRows: ReadonlySet<RowKey>,
+): Array<RowKey> {
+  const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+  const rowsToRemove = [...acquisition.rows].filter(
+    (row) =>
+      !nextRows.has(row) &&
+      model.acquisitions.filter(
+        (candidate) => candidate.active && candidate.rows.has(row),
+      ).length === 1,
+  )
+  acquisition.rows = new Set(nextRows)
+  return rowsToRemove.sort(compareKeys)
+}
+
+function retireModelAcquisition(
+  model: RegistryModel,
+  acquisitionIndex: number,
+): Array<RowKey> {
+  const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+  if (!acquisition.active) return []
+  const rowsToRemove = replaceModelRows(model, acquisitionIndex, new Set())
+  acquisition.active = false
+  acquisition.applied = false
+  const affectedScopes = new Set<string>()
+  for (const [lease, claim] of acquisition.claims) {
+    const scope = scopeKey(claim.sourceId, claim.prefix)
+    const current = model.currentByScope.get(scope)
+    if (current?.acquisition === acquisitionIndex && current.lease === lease) {
+      affectedScopes.add(scope)
+    }
+    claim.coverage = undefined
+    claim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+  }
+  for (const leaseIndex of acquisition.leases) {
+    model.leases[leaseIndex]?.acquisitions.delete(acquisitionIndex)
+  }
+  for (const scope of affectedScopes) restoreModelCurrent(model, scope)
+  return rowsToRemove
+}
+
+function settleModelRelease(acquisition: ModelAcquisition): boolean {
+  if (acquisition.releaseSettled) return true
+  acquisition.releaseCalls++
+  if (acquisition.releaseFailuresRemaining > 0) {
+    acquisition.releaseFailuresRemaining--
+    return false
+  }
+  acquisition.releaseSettled = true
+  return true
+}
+
+function createReleaseProbe(failFirst: boolean): ReleaseProbe {
+  const probe: ReleaseProbe = {
+    calls: 0,
+    failuresRemaining: failFirst ? 1 : 0,
+    error: new Error(`release failed`),
+    release: () => {
+      probe.calls++
+      if (probe.failuresRemaining > 0) {
+        probe.failuresRemaining--
+        throw probe.error
+      }
+    },
+  }
+  return probe
+}
+
+function expectReleaseFailure(release: () => unknown): void {
+  let threw = false
+  try {
+    release()
+  } catch {
+    threw = true
+  }
+  expect(threw).toBe(true)
+}
+
+function assertRegistryModel(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+  const activeCoverage = model.acquisitions.flatMap(
+    (acquisition, acquisitionIndex) =>
+      acquisition.active
+        ? Array.from(acquisition.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) => {
+            const current = model.currentByScope.get(
+              scopeKey(claim.sourceId, claim.prefix),
+            )
+            return acquisition.leases.has(lease) &&
+              claim.coverage !== undefined &&
+              current?.acquisition === acquisitionIndex &&
+              current.lease === lease
+              ? [claim.coverage]
+              : []
+          })
+        : [],
+  )
+  expect(real.registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual(
+    activeCoverage.length === 0
+      ? []
+      : [{ prefix: Math.max(...activeCoverage) }],
+  )
+  const retainedOutcomes = model.acquisitions.flatMap((acquisition) =>
+    acquisition.active
+      ? Array.from(acquisition.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) =>
+          acquisition.leases.has(lease) && claim.retainedOutcome !== undefined
+            ? [claim.retainedOutcome]
+            : [],
+        )
+      : [],
+  )
+  expect(real.registry.retainedOutcomeEvidence()).toEqual(retainedOutcomes)
+  const appliedEvidence = model.acquisitions.flatMap(
+    (acquisition, acquisitionIndex) =>
+      acquisition.active &&
+      acquisition.applied &&
+      acquisition.evidenceEpoch === model.evidenceEpoch &&
+      !acquisition.releaseSettled &&
+      acquisition.leases.size > 0
+        ? Array.from(acquisition.claims.entries()).flatMap(([lease, claim]) =>
+            acquisition.leases.has(lease)
+              ? [
+                  {
+                    acquisition: real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex],
+                    rowKeys: [...acquisition.rows],
+                    outcome: createPrefixOutcome(
+                      claim.generation,
+                      claim.prefix,
+                      `unknown`,
+                      `prefixes`,
+                      claim.sourceId,
+                      [...acquisition.rows],
+                    ),
+                  },
+                ]
+              : [],
+          )
+        : [],
+  )
+  expect(real.registry.appliedAcquisitionEvidence()).toEqual(appliedEvidence)
+  const activeAcquisitions = model.acquisitions.filter(({ active }) => active)
+  const expectedResourceCounts = {
+    liveLeases: model.leases.filter(({ active }) => active).length,
+    acquisitions: activeAcquisitions.length,
+    claims: activeAcquisitions.reduce(
+      (count, acquisition) => count + acquisition.claims.size,
+      0,
+    ),
+    unsettledClaims: activeAcquisitions.reduce(
+      (count, acquisition) =>
+        count +
+        Array.from(acquisition.claims.values()).filter(
+          ({ settlementPending }) => settlementPending,
+        ).length,
+      0,
+    ),
+    retainedDemands: activeAcquisitions.reduce(
+      (count, acquisition) => count + acquisition.leases.size,
+      0,
+    ),
+    retainedOutcomes: retainedOutcomes.length,
+    retainedRowKeySlots: activeAcquisitions.reduce(
+      (count, acquisition) =>
+        count +
+        acquisition.rows.size +
+        Array.from(acquisition.claims.values()).reduce(
+          (claimCount, claim) =>
+            claimCount + (claim.retainedOutcome?.appliedRowKeys?.length ?? 0),
+          0,
+        ),
+      0,
+    ),
+  }
+  const resourceCounts = real.registry.resourceCounts()
+  expect(resourceCounts).toEqual(expectedResourceCounts)
+  expect(resourceCounts.claims).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
+    resourceCounts.liveLeases + resourceCounts.unsettledClaims,
+  )
+  expect(resourceCounts.retainedDemands).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
+    resourceCounts.liveLeases + resourceCounts.unsettledClaims,
+  )
+  expect(resourceCounts.retainedOutcomes).toBeLessThanOrEqual(
+    resourceCounts.liveLeases + resourceCounts.unsettledClaims,
+  )
+  for (const row of modelRows) {
+    expect(real.registry.rowOwnerCount(row)).toBe(
+      model.acquisitions.filter(
+        (acquisition) => acquisition.active && acquisition.rows.has(row),
+      ).length,
+    )
+  }
+  model.acquisitions.forEach((acquisition, index) => {
+    expect(real.releases[index]?.calls).toBe(acquisition.releaseCalls)
+  })
+}
+
+class AddLeaseCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(private readonly prefix: Prefix) {}
+
+  check = () => true
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    model.leases.push({
+      active: true,
+      prefix: this.prefix,
+      acquisitions: new Set(),
+    })
+    real.leases.push(real.registry.addLease(this.prefix))
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `addLease(${this.prefix})`
+}
+
+class AddAcquisitionCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly rawLease: number,
+    private readonly generation: number,
+    private readonly sourceSlot: number,
+    private readonly failFirstRelease: boolean,
+  ) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return model.leases.some(({ active }) => active)
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const leaseIndex = activeIndex(model.leases, this.rawLease)!
+    const prefix = model.leases[leaseIndex]!.prefix
+    const sourceId = `source-${this.sourceSlot}`
+    const release = createReleaseProbe(this.failFirstRelease)
+    addModelAcquisition(model, {
+      generation: this.generation,
+      prefix,
+      sourceId,
+      leaseIndex,
+      failFirstRelease: this.failFirstRelease,
+    })
+    real.acquisitions.push(
+      addPrefixAcquisition(real.registry, {
+        generation: this.generation,
+        leases: [real.leases[leaseIndex]!],
+        release: () => release.release(),
+        prefix,
+        sourceId,
+      }),
+    )
+    real.releases.push(release)
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () =>
+    `addAcquisition(lease=${this.rawLease}, generation=${this.generation}, source=${this.sourceSlot}, failFirst=${this.failFirstRelease})`
+}
+
+class AttachLeaseCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly rawLease: number,
+    private readonly rawAcquisition: number,
+    private readonly retainedExtent:
+      | AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+      | undefined,
+  ) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return (
+      model.leases.some(({ active }) => active) &&
+      model.acquisitions.some(({ active }) => active)
+    )
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const leaseIndex = activeIndex(model.leases, this.rawLease)!
+    const acquisitionIndex = activeIndex(
+      model.acquisitions,
+      this.rawAcquisition,
+    )!
+    const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+    if (acquisition.releaseSettled) {
+      expect(() =>
+        real.registry.attachLease(
+          real.leases[leaseIndex]!,
+          real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!,
+        ),
+      ).toThrow(`Cannot attach to a released acquisition`)
+    } else if (acquisition.leases.has(leaseIndex)) {
+      assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+      return
+    } else if (acquisition.evidenceEpoch !== model.evidenceEpoch) {
+      expect(() =>
+        real.registry.attachLease(
+          real.leases[leaseIndex]!,
+          real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!,
+        ),
+      ).toThrow(`Cannot attach to an invalidated acquisition`)
+    } else {
+      model.leases[leaseIndex]!.acquisitions.add(acquisitionIndex)
+      acquisition.leases.add(leaseIndex)
+      const prefix = model.leases[leaseIndex]!.prefix
+      const retainedOutcome =
+        this.retainedExtent === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : createPrefixOutcome(
+              acquisition.generation,
+              prefix,
+              this.retainedExtent,
+              `prefixes`,
+              acquisition.sourceId,
+              [...acquisition.rows],
+            )
+      acquisition.claims.set(leaseIndex, {
+        generation: acquisition.generation,
+        settlementPending: false,
+        prefix,
+        sourceId: acquisition.sourceId,
+        coverage: undefined,
+        retainedOutcome,
+        sequence: model.claimSequence++,
+      })
+      real.registry.attachLease(
+        real.leases[leaseIndex]!,
+        real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!,
+        {
+          generation: acquisition.generation,
+          scope: {
+            collectionId: `prefixes`,
+            sourceId: acquisition.sourceId,
+            demand: { limit: prefix },
+          },
+          ...(retainedOutcome === undefined ? {} : { retainedOutcome }),
+        },
+      )
+    }
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () =>
+    `attachLease(lease=${this.rawLease}, acquisition=${this.rawAcquisition}, retainedExtent=${this.retainedExtent})`
+}
+
+class RetryAcquisitionCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(private readonly rawAcquisition: number) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return activeAcquisitionWithLeaseIndex(model, 0) !== undefined
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const oldIndex = activeAcquisitionWithLeaseIndex(
+      model,
+      this.rawAcquisition,
+    )!
+    const old = model.acquisitions[oldIndex]!
+    const leaseIndex = [...old.leases].find(
+      (index) => model.leases[index]?.active,
+    )!
+    const claim = old.claims.get(leaseIndex)!
+    const release = createReleaseProbe(false)
+    addModelAcquisition(model, {
+      generation: claim.generation + 1,
+      prefix: claim.prefix,
+      sourceId: claim.sourceId,
+      leaseIndex,
+      failFirstRelease: false,
+    })
+    real.acquisitions.push(
+      addPrefixAcquisition(real.registry, {
+        generation: claim.generation + 1,
+        leases: [real.leases[leaseIndex]!],
+        release: () => release.release(),
+        prefix: claim.prefix,
+        sourceId: claim.sourceId,
+      }),
+    )
+    real.releases.push(release)
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `retry(acquisition=${this.rawAcquisition})`
+}
+
+class ReplaceRowsCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly rawAcquisition: number,
+    private readonly rows: ReadonlyArray<RowKey>,
+  ) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return model.acquisitions.some(({ active }) => active)
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const acquisitionIndex = activeIndex(
+      model.acquisitions,
+      this.rawAcquisition,
+    )!
+    const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+    const leaseIndex = Array.from(acquisition.claims.keys()).find((candidate) =>
+      acquisition.leases.has(candidate),
+    )
+    const accepted =
+      leaseIndex !== undefined &&
+      canPublishModelAcquisition(model, acquisitionIndex, leaseIndex)
+    const rowsToRemove = accepted
+      ? replaceModelRows(model, acquisitionIndex, new Set(this.rows))
+      : []
+    if (accepted) {
+      acquisition.applied = false
+      const affectedScopes = new Set<string>()
+      for (const [claimLease, existingClaim] of acquisition.claims) {
+        existingClaim.coverage = undefined
+        existingClaim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+        const scope = scopeKey(existingClaim.sourceId, existingClaim.prefix)
+        const current = model.currentByScope.get(scope)
+        if (
+          current?.acquisition === acquisitionIndex &&
+          current.lease === claimLease
+        ) {
+          affectedScopes.add(scope)
+        }
+      }
+      for (const scope of affectedScopes) restoreModelCurrent(model, scope)
+    }
+    expect(
+      real.registry.replaceRows(
+        real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!,
+        this.rows,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted, rowsToRemove })
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () =>
+    `replaceRows(acquisition=${this.rawAcquisition}, rows=${this.rows.join(``)})`
+}
+
+class PublishCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(
+    private readonly rawAcquisition: number,
+    private readonly rows: ReadonlyArray<RowKey>,
+    private readonly generationDelta: number,
+    private readonly exactScope: boolean,
+    private readonly extent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`],
+  ) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return model.acquisitions.some(({ active }) => active)
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const acquisitionIndex = activeIndex(
+      model.acquisitions,
+      this.rawAcquisition,
+    )!
+    const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+    const claimEntry = acquisition.claims.entries().next().value
+    const leaseIndex = claimEntry?.[0]
+    const claim = claimEntry?.[1]
+    const outcome = createPrefixOutcome(
+      (claim?.generation ?? acquisition.generation) + this.generationDelta,
+      claim?.prefix ?? acquisition.prefix,
+      this.extent,
+      this.exactScope ? `prefixes` : `other`,
+      claim?.sourceId ?? acquisition.sourceId,
+      this.rows,
+    )
+    const matchesClaim =
+      leaseIndex !== undefined && this.generationDelta === 0 && this.exactScope
+    const receivesOutcome = matchesClaim && !acquisition.releaseSettled
+    const accepted =
+      receivesOutcome &&
+      canPublishModelAcquisition(model, acquisitionIndex, leaseIndex)
+    const rowsToRemove = receivesOutcome
+      ? replaceModelRows(model, acquisitionIndex, new Set(this.rows))
+      : []
+    const published =
+      accepted &&
+      this.extent !== `unknown` &&
+      (this.rows.length >= claim!.prefix || this.extent === `exhausted`)
+    if (receivesOutcome) {
+      acquisition.applied = true
+      claim!.settlementPending = false
+      for (const [peerLease, peer] of acquisition.claims) {
+        if (acquisition.leases.has(peerLease)) {
+          peer.retainedOutcome = undefined
+        }
+      }
+      const scope = scopeKey(claim!.sourceId, claim!.prefix)
+      if (!accepted) {
+        for (const [peerLease, peer] of acquisition.claims) {
+          if (
+            acquisition.leases.has(peerLease) &&
+            scopeKey(peer.sourceId, peer.prefix) === scope
+          ) {
+            peer.coverage = undefined
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (published) {
+        if (acquisition.leases.has(leaseIndex)) {
+          claim!.coverage = claim!.prefix
+        }
+        for (const [peerLease, peer] of acquisition.claims) {
+          if (
+            acquisition.leases.has(peerLease) &&
+            scopeKey(peer.sourceId, peer.prefix) === scope
+          ) {
+            peer.coverage = claim!.prefix
+          }
+        }
+        restoreModelCurrent(model, scope)
+      } else {
+        claim!.coverage = undefined
+        const current = model.currentByScope.get(scope)
+        if (
+          current?.acquisition === acquisitionIndex &&
+          current.lease === leaseIndex
+        ) {
+          restoreModelCurrent(model, scope)
+        }
+      }
+      if (!acquisition.leases.has(leaseIndex)) {
+        acquisition.claims.delete(leaseIndex)
+      }
+    }
+    expect(
+      real.registry.publishOutcome(
+        real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!,
+        real.leases[leaseIndex!]!,
+        outcome,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted, published, rowsToRemove })
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () =>
+    `publish(acquisition=${this.rawAcquisition}, rows=${this.rows.join(``)}, generationDelta=${this.generationDelta}, exact=${this.exactScope}, extent=${this.extent})`
+}
+
+class InvalidateEvidenceCommand implements Command<
+  RegistryModel,
+  RegistryReal
+> {
+  check = () => true
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    model.evidenceEpoch++
+    model.currentByScope.clear()
+    for (const acquisition of model.acquisitions) {
+      if (!acquisition.active) continue
+      acquisition.applied = false
+      acquisition.rows.clear()
+      for (const claim of acquisition.claims.values()) {
+        claim.coverage = undefined
+        claim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+      }
+    }
+    real.registry.invalidateAppliedEvidence()
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `invalidateAppliedEvidence()`
+}
+
+class ReleaseAcquisitionCommand implements Command<
+  RegistryModel,
+  RegistryReal
+> {
+  constructor(private readonly rawAcquisition: number) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return model.acquisitions.some(({ active }) => active)
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const acquisitionIndex = activeIndex(
+      model.acquisitions,
+      this.rawAcquisition,
+    )!
+    const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+    if (!settleModelRelease(acquisition)) {
+      expectReleaseFailure(() =>
+        real.registry.releaseAcquisition(real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!),
+      )
+    } else {
+      const rowsToRemove = retireModelAcquisition(model, acquisitionIndex)
+      expect(
+        real.registry.releaseAcquisition(real.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!),
+      ).toEqual({ rowsToRemove })
+    }
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `releaseAcquisition(${this.rawAcquisition})`
+}
+
+class ReleaseLeaseCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  constructor(private readonly rawLease: number) {}
+
+  check(model: Readonly<RegistryModel>): boolean {
+    return model.leases.some(({ active }) => active)
+  }
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const leaseIndex = activeIndex(model.leases, this.rawLease)!
+    const lease = model.leases[leaseIndex]!
+    const finalAcquisitions = [...lease.acquisitions].filter((index) => {
+      const acquisition = model.acquisitions[index]!
+      return acquisition.active && acquisition.leases.size === 1
+    })
+    const releaseFailed = finalAcquisitions
+      .map((index) => settleModelRelease(model.acquisitions[index]!))
+      .some((settled) => !settled)
+    if (releaseFailed) {
+      expectReleaseFailure(() =>
+        real.registry.releaseLease(real.leases[leaseIndex]!),
+      )
+      assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<RowKey>()
+    for (const acquisitionIndex of [...lease.acquisitions]) {
+      const acquisition = model.acquisitions[acquisitionIndex]!
+      const claim = acquisition.claims.get(leaseIndex)
+      acquisition.leases.delete(leaseIndex)
+      if (claim) {
+        const scope = scopeKey(claim.sourceId, claim.prefix)
+        const current = model.currentByScope.get(scope)
+        if (
+          current?.acquisition === acquisitionIndex &&
+          current.lease === leaseIndex
+        ) {
+          restoreModelCurrent(model, scope)
+        }
+        claim.coverage = undefined
+        claim.retainedOutcome = undefined
+        if (!claim.settlementPending) {
+          acquisition.claims.delete(leaseIndex)
+        }
+      }
+      if (acquisition.leases.size === 0) {
+        retireModelAcquisition(model, acquisitionIndex).forEach((row) =>
+          rowsToRemove.add(row),
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    lease.active = false
+    lease.acquisitions.clear()
+    expect(real.registry.releaseLease(real.leases[leaseIndex]!)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [...rowsToRemove].sort(compareKeys),
+    })
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `releaseLease(${this.rawLease})`
+}
+
+class DisposeCommand implements Command<RegistryModel, RegistryReal> {
+  check = () => true
+
+  run(model: RegistryModel, real: RegistryReal): void {
+    const releaseFailed = model.acquisitions
+      .filter(({ active }) => active)
+      .map(settleModelRelease)
+      .some((settled) => !settled)
+    if (releaseFailed) {
+      expectReleaseFailure(() => real.registry.dispose())
+      assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+      return
+    }
+
+    const rowsToRemove = new Set<RowKey>()
+    model.acquisitions.forEach((acquisition, index) => {
+      if (!acquisition.active) return
+      retireModelAcquisition(model, index).forEach((row) =>
+        rowsToRemove.add(row),
+      )
+    })
+    model.leases.forEach((lease) => {
+      lease.active = false
+      lease.acquisitions.clear()
+    })
+    expect(real.registry.dispose()).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [...rowsToRemove].sort(compareKeys),
+    })
+    assertRegistryModel(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `dispose()`
+}
+
+describe(`coverage registry oracle`, () => {
+  it(`fences old evidence while retaining its physical release obligation`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const oldRelease = vi.fn()
+    const oldLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const oldAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [oldLease],
+      release: oldRelease,
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, oldAcquisition, 1, 1, [`a`])
+
+    registry.invalidateAppliedEvidence()
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.retainedOutcomeEvidence()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.appliedAcquisitionEvidence()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(0)
+    expect(registry.isAcquisitionAttachable(oldAcquisition)).toBe(false)
+
+    const lateLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    expect(() => registry.attachLease(lateLease, oldAcquisition)).toThrow(
+      `Cannot attach to an invalidated acquisition`,
+    )
+    registry.releaseLease(lateLease)
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        oldAcquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [`old`]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`old`)).toBe(1)
+
+    const freshRelease = vi.fn()
+    const freshLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const freshAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [freshLease],
+      release: freshRelease,
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, freshAcquisition, 2, 1, [`fresh`])
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 1 }])
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(oldLease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`old`],
+    })
+    expect(oldRelease).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(freshLease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`fresh`],
+    })
+    expect(freshRelease).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps caller-relative claims on one physical acquisition`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const release = vi.fn()
+    const first = registry.addLease(20)
+    const second = registry.addLease(10)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [first],
+      release,
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 20, [`a`, `b`])
+    registry.attachLease(second, acquisition, {
+      generation: 2,
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: `prefixes`,
+        sourceId: `items`,
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+      },
+    })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        second,
+        createPrefixOutcome(2, 10, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [
+          `a`,
+          `b`,
+        ]),
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(first)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(release).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(registry.covers(10)).toBe(true)
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(second)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`a`, `b`],
+    })
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(registry.covers(10)).toBe(false)
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(0)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(second)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    registry.dispose()
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it(`retains a released claim as dormant physical publication identity`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const release = vi.fn()
+    const physical = registry.addLease(20)
+    const peer = registry.addLease(10)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [physical],
+      release,
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+    registry.attachLease(peer, acquisition, {
+      generation: 1,
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: `prefixes`,
+        sourceId: `items`,
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(physical)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        physical,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 20, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [
+          `a`,
+          `b`,
+        ]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: true, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(peer)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`a`, `b`],
+    })
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it(`forgets settled claims released from a surviving acquisition`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const physical = registry.addLease(1)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [physical],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 1, [`a`])
+
+    for (let generation = 2; generation <= 9; generation++) {
+      const peer = registry.addLease(1)
+      registry.attachLease(peer, acquisition, {
+        generation,
+        scope: {
+          collectionId: `prefixes`,
+          sourceId: `items`,
+          demand: { limit: 1 },
+        },
+      })
+      expect(
+        registry.publishOutcome(
+          acquisition,
+          peer,
+          createPrefixOutcome(generation, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [
+            `a`,
+          ]),
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+      expect(registry.releaseLease(peer)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    }
+
+    expect(registry.appliedAcquisitionEvidence()).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it(`settles only the matching acquisition claim during a retry`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const first = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+
+    registry.settleLease(first, lease)
+
+    expect(registry.resourceCounts().unsettledClaims).toBe(1)
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(first, lease, createPrefixOutcome(1, 1)),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: true, rowsToRemove: [] })
+  })
+
+  it(`bounds claim evidence across every short settlement history`, () => {
+    const modes: ReadonlyArray<ClaimChurn> = [
+      `settle-first`,
+      `release-first`,
+      `outcome-free`,
+      `defer`,
+    ]
+    for (const first of modes) {
+      for (const second of modes) {
+        for (const third of modes) {
+          for (const rowCount of [1, 4]) {
+            runClaimChurn([first, second, third], rowCount)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  const claimChurnArbitrary = fc.array(
+    fc.constantFrom<ClaimChurn>(
+      `settle-first`,
+      `release-first`,
+      `outcome-free`,
+      `defer`,
+    ),
+    { minLength: 24, maxLength: 96 },
+  )
+
+  fcTest.prop([claimChurnArbitrary, fc.integer({ min: 1, max: 8 })], {
+    numRuns: 20,
+    seed: 1775,
+  })(`bounds long claim churn for a fixed seed`, runClaimChurn)
+
+  fcTest.prop(
+    [claimChurnArbitrary, fc.integer({ min: 1, max: 8 })],
+    oraclePropertyOptions(20),
+  )(`bounds long claim churn for a random or replayed seed`, runClaimChurn)
+
+  it(`restores a compacted narrower fact when the wider acquisition retires`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const narrowLease = registry.addLease(20)
+    const wideLease = registry.addLease(100)
+    const narrowAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [narrowLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+    const wideAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [wideLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 100,
+    })
+
+    publishPrefix(registry, narrowAcquisition, 1, 20)
+    publishPrefix(registry, wideAcquisition, 1, 100)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 100 }])
+
+    registry.releaseLease(wideLease)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 20 }])
+    expect(registry.covers(20)).toBe(true)
+    expect(registry.covers(21)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps shared rows through overlapping destructive snapshots and GC`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const firstLease = registry.addLease(20)
+    const secondLease = registry.addLease(20)
+    const first = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [firstLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+    const second = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [secondLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 20,
+      sourceId: `secondary`,
+    })
+
+    expect(registry.replaceRows(first, [`shared`, `first`])).toEqual({
+      accepted: true,
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+    expect(registry.replaceRows(second, [`shared`, `second`])).toEqual({
+      accepted: true,
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+
+    expect(registry.replaceRows(first, [])).toEqual({
+      accepted: true,
+      rowsToRemove: [`first`],
+    })
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`shared`)).toBe(1)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(secondLease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`second`, `shared`],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it(`orders released mixed keys with the shared key comparator`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    const rows: ReadonlyArray<RowKey> = [10, `ä`, 2, `z`]
+    // Pins both shared laws: strings precede numbers, and strings use direct
+    // code-point order rather than locale-sensitive order.
+    const canonicalOrder: ReadonlyArray<RowKey> = [`z`, `ä`, 2, 10]
+    expect([...rows].sort(compareKeys)).toEqual(canonicalOrder)
+
+    expect(registry.replaceRows(acquisition, rows)).toEqual({
+      accepted: true,
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: canonicalOrder,
+    })
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps the last successful generation current while a newer attempt is pending`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const priorLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const retryLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const prior = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [priorLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, prior, 1, 1, [`prior`])
+
+    const retry = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [retryLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 1 }])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`prior`)).toBe(1)
+
+    registry.releaseAcquisition(retry)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 1 }])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`prior`)).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps rows owned by every active acquisition when stale coverage cannot publish`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const olderLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const newerLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const older = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [olderLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    const newer = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [newerLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        newer,
+        createPrefixOutcome(2, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [`a`]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: true, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        older,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [`a`]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(2)
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(newerLease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(olderLease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`a`],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps the same row safe when acquisition generations settle in either order`, () => {
+    for (const newerSettlesFirst of [false, true]) {
+      const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+      const olderLease = registry.addLease(1)
+      const newerLease = registry.addLease(1)
+      const older = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+        generation: 1,
+        leases: [olderLease],
+        release: vi.fn(),
+        prefix: 1,
+      })
+      const newer = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+        generation: 2,
+        leases: [newerLease],
+        release: vi.fn(),
+        prefix: 1,
+      })
+      const settle = (acquisition: typeof older, generation: number) =>
+        registry.publishOutcome(
+          acquisition,
+          createPrefixOutcome(generation, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [
+            `a`,
+          ]),
+        )
+
+      if (newerSettlesFirst) {
+        settle(newer, 2)
+        settle(older, 1)
+      } else {
+        settle(older, 1)
+        settle(newer, 2)
+      }
+
+      expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(2)
+      expect(registry.releaseLease(newerLease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+      expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+      expect(registry.releaseLease(olderLease)).toEqual({
+        rowsToRemove: [`a`],
+      })
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`records unknown-extent row ownership without publishing coverage`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 1, `unknown`, `prefixes`, `items`, [`owned`]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`owned`)).toBe(1)
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`owned`],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps projected unknown evidence outside coverage while its lease owns the acquisition`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const physical = registry.addLease(20)
+    const satisfied = registry.addLease(10)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [physical],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 20, [`a`, `b`])
+    const retainedOutcome = createPrefixOutcome(
+      2,
+      10,
+      `unknown`,
+      `prefixes`,
+      `items`,
+      [`a`, `b`],
+    )
+
+    registry.attachLease(satisfied, acquisition, {
+      generation: 2,
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: `prefixes`,
+        sourceId: `items`,
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+      },
+      retainedOutcome,
+    })
+    expect(registry.retainedOutcomeEvidence()).toEqual([retainedOutcome])
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(physical)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.covers(10)).toBe(false)
+    expect(registry.retainedOutcomeEvidence()).toEqual([retainedOutcome])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(satisfied)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`a`, `b`],
+    })
+    expect(registry.retainedOutcomeEvidence()).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it(`exposes exact applied unknown ownership without creating coverage`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(2)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 2,
+    })
+    const outcome = createPrefixOutcome(1, 2, `unknown`, `prefixes`, `items`, [
+      `a`,
+    ])
+
+    expect(registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, lease, outcome)).toEqual({
+      accepted: true,
+      published: false,
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+    expect(registry.appliedAcquisitionEvidence()).toEqual([
+      { acquisition, outcome, rowKeys: [`a`] },
+    ])
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+    expect(registry.covers(2)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps a final lease intact when adapter release throws and retries it`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const releaseError = new Error(`release failed`)
+    let shouldFail = true
+    const release = vi.fn(() => {
+      if (shouldFail) throw releaseError
+    })
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release,
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 1, [`a`])
+
+    let caught: unknown
+    try {
+      registry.releaseLease(lease)
+    } catch (error) {
+      caught = error
+    }
+    expect(caught).toBe(releaseError)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 1 }])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    shouldFail = false
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [`a`] })
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(registry.releaseLease(lease)).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps an acquisition intact when its direct release throws`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const releaseError = new Error(`release failed`)
+    let shouldFail = true
+    const release = vi.fn(() => {
+      if (shouldFail) throw releaseError
+    })
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release,
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 1, [`a`])
+
+    expect(() => registry.releaseAcquisition(acquisition)).toThrow(releaseError)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 1 }])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+
+    shouldFail = false
+    expect(registry.releaseAcquisition(acquisition)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [`a`],
+    })
+    expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps disposal atomic across successful and failed adapter releases`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const firstLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const secondLease = registry.addLease(2)
+    const firstRelease = vi.fn()
+    const releaseError = new Error(`release failed`)
+    let shouldFail = true
+    const secondRelease = vi.fn(() => {
+      if (shouldFail) throw releaseError
+    })
+    const first = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [firstLease],
+      release: firstRelease,
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    const second = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [secondLease],
+      release: secondRelease,
+      prefix: 2,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, first, 1, 1, [`a`])
+    publishPrefix(registry, second, 1, 2, [`b`])
+
+    expect(() => registry.dispose()).toThrow(releaseError)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 2 }])
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`a`)).toBe(1)
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`b`)).toBe(1)
+
+    shouldFail = false
+    expect(registry.dispose()).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [`a`, `b`] })
+    expect(firstRelease).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(secondRelease).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it(`does not attach a new lease to an acquisition whose release settled`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const settledLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const failingLease = registry.addLease(2)
+    const settled = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [settledLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    let fail = true
+    const failing = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [failingLease],
+      release: () => {
+        if (fail) throw new Error(`release failed`)
+      },
+      prefix: 2,
+    })
+    expect(() => registry.dispose()).toThrow(`release failed`)
+
+    const lateLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    expect(() => registry.attachLease(lateLease, settled)).toThrow(
+      `Cannot attach to a released acquisition`,
+    )
+    expect(registry.replaceRows(settled, [`late`])).toEqual({
+      accepted: false,
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        settled,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 1, `exhausted`, `prefixes`, `items`, [`late`]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+
+    fail = false
+    registry.releaseAcquisition(failing)
+    registry.releaseLease(lateLease)
+  })
+
+  it(`publishes only current authoritative coverage projected from an applied outcome`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(20)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 30,
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(acquisition, createPrefixOutcome(1, 20)),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: false, published: false })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(2, 20, `unknown`),
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: false, published: false })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(2, 20, `exhausted`, `other`),
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: false, published: false })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(
+          2,
+          30,
+          `continues`,
+          `prefixes`,
+          `items`,
+          Array.from({ length: 30 }, (_, index) => `row-${index}`),
+        ),
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 30 }])
+  })
+
+  it(`does not derive a requested prefix from a rowless continuing result`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(30)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 30,
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 30, `continues`),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([])
+
+    const rows = Array.from({ length: 30 }, (_, index) => `row-${index}`)
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(
+        acquisition,
+        createPrefixOutcome(1, 30, `continues`, `prefixes`, `items`, rows),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: true, published: true, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.rowOwnerCount(`row-0`)).toBe(1)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 30 }])
+  })
+
+  it(`rejects a late outcome from the old token after an exact-scope retry`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const oldLease = registry.addLease(100)
+    const nextLease = registry.addLease(100)
+    const oldAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [oldLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 100,
+    })
+    const nextAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [nextLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 100,
+    })
+
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(nextAcquisition, createPrefixOutcome(2, 100)),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+    expect(
+      registry.publishOutcome(oldAcquisition, createPrefixOutcome(1, 100)),
+    ).toEqual({ accepted: false, published: false, rowsToRemove: [] })
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 100 }])
+  })
+
+  it(`returns defensive coverage snapshots`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const lease = registry.addLease(20)
+    const acquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [lease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 20,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, acquisition, 1, 20)
+
+    const fact = registry.coverageAntichain()[0]!
+    try {
+      ;(fact as { prefix: number }).prefix = 1_000
+    } catch {
+      // Frozen snapshots may reject mutation instead of ignoring it.
+    }
+
+    expect(registry.covers(1_000)).toBe(false)
+    expect(registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual([{ prefix: 20 }])
+  })
+
+  it(`reads borrowed established evidence lazily`, () => {
+    const registry = createPrefixRegistry()
+    const firstLease = registry.addLease(1)
+    const firstAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 1,
+      leases: [firstLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 1,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, firstAcquisition, 1, 1)
+
+    const evidence = registry.borrowEvidence()
+    expect(evidence.next().value).toMatchObject({
+      authority: `established`,
+      acquisition: firstAcquisition,
+    })
+
+    const secondLease = registry.addLease(2)
+    const secondAcquisition = addPrefixAcquisition(registry, {
+      generation: 2,
+      leases: [secondLease],
+      release: vi.fn(),
+      prefix: 2,
+    })
+    publishPrefix(registry, secondAcquisition, 2, 2)
+    expect(
+      Array.from(evidence).filter(
+        (candidate) => candidate.authority === `established`,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ acquisition: secondAcquisition })])
+  })
+
+  const rowSet = fc.uniqueArray(fc.constantFrom(...modelRows), {
+    maxLength: modelRows.length,
+  })
+  const commandArbitraries = [
+    fc.integer({ min: 1, max: 4 }).map((prefix) => new AddLeaseCommand(prefix)),
+    fc
+      .record({
+        rawLease: fc.nat(),
+        generation: fc.integer({ min: 1, max: 4 }),
+        sourceSlot: fc.integer({ min: 0, max: 1 }),
+        failFirstRelease: fc.boolean(),
+      })
+      .map(
+        ({ rawLease, generation, sourceSlot, failFirstRelease }) =>
+          new AddAcquisitionCommand(
+            rawLease,
+            generation,
+            sourceSlot,
+            failFirstRelease,
+          ),
+      ),
+    fc
+      .tuple(
+        fc.nat(),
+        fc.nat(),
+        fc.option(
+          fc.constantFrom<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]>(
+            `unknown`,
+            `continues`,
+            `exhausted`,
+          ),
+          { nil: undefined },
+        ),
+      )
+      .map(
+        ([lease, acquisition, retainedExtent]) =>
+          new AttachLeaseCommand(lease, acquisition, retainedExtent),
+      ),
+    fc.nat().map((acquisition) => new RetryAcquisitionCommand(acquisition)),
+    fc
+      .tuple(fc.nat(), rowSet)
+      .map(([acquisition, rows]) => new ReplaceRowsCommand(acquisition, rows)),
+    fc
+      .record({
+        acquisition: fc.nat(),
+        rows: rowSet,
+        generationDelta: fc.integer({ min: -1, max: 1 }),
+        exactScope: fc.boolean(),
+        extent: fc.constantFrom<AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]>(
+          `unknown`,
+          `continues`,
+          `exhausted`,
+        ),
+      })
+      .map(
+        ({ acquisition, rows, generationDelta, exactScope, extent }) =>
+          new PublishCommand(
+            acquisition,
+            rows,
+            generationDelta,
+            exactScope,
+            extent,
+          ),
+      ),
+    fc.nat().map((acquisition) => new ReleaseAcquisitionCommand(acquisition)),
+    fc.nat().map((lease) => new ReleaseLeaseCommand(lease)),
+    fc.constant(new InvalidateEvidenceCommand()),
+    fc.constant(new DisposeCommand()),
+  ]
+
+  fcTest.prop(
+    [
+      fc.commands<RegistryModel, RegistryReal>(commandArbitraries, {
+        maxCommands: 40,
+      }),
+    ],
+    oraclePropertyOptions(100),
+  )(
+    `matches the lease, retry, settlement, publication, ownership, and disposal state machine`,
+    (commands) => {
+      fc.modelRun(
+        () => ({
+          model: {
+            leases: [],
+            acquisitions: [],
+            currentByScope: new Map(),
+            claimSequence: 0,
+            evidenceEpoch: 0,
+          },
+          real: {
+            registry: createPrefixRegistry(),
+            leases: [],
+            acquisitions: [],
+            releases: [],
+          },
+        }),
+        commands,
+      )
+    },
+  )
+})
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/ir-stable-identity.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/ir-stable-identity.test.ts
index ca745d9de5..c3968b0f5a 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/query/ir-stable-identity.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/ir-stable-identity.test.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,14 @@ import {
   toBooleanPredicate,
 } from '../../src/query/compiler/evaluators.js'
 import { isLoadSubsetRequestSubsumedBy } from '../../src/query/predicate-utils.js'
-import { createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory } from '../../src/query/runtime-reference-identity.js'
+import {
+  createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory,
+  getRuntimeReferenceIdentity,
+} from '../../src/query/runtime-reference-identity.js'
+import {
+  cloneLoadSubsetOptions,
+  snapshotLoadSubsetDemand,
+} from '../../src/query/load-subset-options.js'
 import type { BasicExpression, QueryIR } from '../../src/query/ir.js'
 import type { LoadSubsetOptions } from '../../src/types.js'
 
@@ -309,6 +316,27 @@ describe(`semantic expression identity`, () => {
     },
   )
 
+  it(`does not initialize runtime reference identities during module evaluation`, async () => {
+    const getRandomValues = vi.fn((values: Uint32Array) => values)
+    vi.stubGlobal(`crypto`, { getRandomValues })
+    vi.resetModules()
+
+    try {
+      const { getRuntimeReferenceIdentity: getIdentity } = await import(
+        `../../src/query/runtime-reference-identity.js`
+      )
+
+      expect(getRandomValues).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+      getIdentity({})
+      getIdentity({})
+
+      expect(getRandomValues).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    } finally {
+      vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    }
+  })
+
   it(`does not reuse reference identities across runtimes`, () => {
     const firstRuntime = createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
     const secondRuntime = createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
@@ -316,6 +344,38 @@ describe(`semantic expression identity`, () => {
     expect(firstRuntime({ a: 1 })).not.toEqual(secondRuntime({ b: 2 }))
   })
 
+  it(`defers runtime entropy until an identity is requested`, () => {
+    const getRandomValues = vi.fn((values: Uint32Array) => values)
+    vi.stubGlobal(`crypto`, { getRandomValues })
+    try {
+      const runtime = createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
+
+      expect(getRandomValues).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+      runtime({ a: 1 })
+
+      expect(getRandomValues).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    } finally {
+      vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    }
+  })
+
+  it(`keeps each symbol identity stable for the factory lifetime`, () => {
+    const runtime = createRuntimeReferenceIdentityFactory()
+    const symbol = Symbol(`same description`)
+
+    expect(runtime(symbol)).toEqual(runtime(symbol))
+    expect(runtime(Symbol(`same description`))).not.toEqual(runtime(symbol))
+  })
+
+  it(`accepts symbols through the shared runtime identity getter`, () => {
+    const symbol = Symbol(`shared runtime`)
+
+    expect(getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(symbol)).toEqual(
+      getRuntimeReferenceIdentity(symbol),
+    )
+  })
+
   it(`falls back when the runtime crypto object lacks getRandomValues`, () => {
     vi.stubGlobal(`crypto`, {})
     try {
@@ -439,6 +499,59 @@ describe(`loadSubset demand identity`, () => {
     )
   })
 
+  it(`uses runtime reference identity for opaque demand values`, () => {
+    const field = new PropRef<unknown>([`row`, `value`])
+    const firstFunction = () => `value`
+    const secondFunction = () => `value`
+    const firstSymbol = Symbol(`value`)
+    const secondSymbol = Symbol(`value`)
+    const createDemands = (value: unknown): Array<LoadSubsetOptions> => [
+      { where: new Func(`eq`, [field, new Value(value)]) },
+      { where: new Func(`in`, [field, new Value([value])]) },
+      {
+        orderBy: [
+          {
+            expression: new Func(`coalesce`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+            compareOptions: { direction: `asc`, nulls: `first` },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        cursor: {
+          whereFrom: new Func(`gt`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+          whereCurrent: new Func(`eq`, [field, new Value(value)]),
+        },
+      },
+    ]
+
+    for (const [firstValue, secondValue] of [
+      [firstFunction, secondFunction],
+      [firstSymbol, secondSymbol],
+    ] as const) {
+      const firstDemands = createDemands(firstValue)
+      const secondDemands = createDemands(secondValue)
+
+      firstDemands.forEach((demand, index) => {
+        const demandKey = getLoadSubsetDemandKey(demand)
+        expect(getLoadSubsetDemandKey(cloneLoadSubsetOptions(demand))).toBe(
+          demandKey,
+        )
+        expect(getLoadSubsetDemandKey(snapshotLoadSubsetDemand(demand))).toBe(
+          demandKey,
+        )
+        expect(getLoadSubsetDemandKey(secondDemands[index]!)).not.toBe(
+          demandKey,
+        )
+      })
+    }
+
+    expect(() =>
+      getStableExpressionHash(
+        new Func(`eq`, [field, new Value(firstFunction)]),
+      ),
+    ).toThrow(/function value/)
+  })
+
   it.each([
     [`signed zero`, -0, 0],
     [`invalid Date`, new Date(Number.NaN), new Date(Number.NaN)],
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-full-flow-oracle.property.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-full-flow-oracle.property.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be4e53c632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-full-flow-oracle.property.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+import { fc, test as fcTest } from '@fast-check/vitest'
+import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { createCollection } from '../../src/collection/index.js'
+import { createLiveQueryCollection } from '../../src/query/index.js'
+import { DeduplicatedLoadSubset } from '../../src/query/subset-dedupe.js'
+import { createDeferred } from '../../src/deferred.js'
+import {
+  projectAdapterLifecycle,
+  projectRetainedRowKeys,
+  projectReusableDemands,
+  projectTransportLoads,
+} from '../load-subset-full-flow-model.js'
+import {
+  oracleRandomParameters,
+  readOracleRunConfig,
+} from '../oracle-config.js'
+import type { LoadSubsetOptions } from '../../src/types.js'
+import type { LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent } from '../load-subset-full-flow-model.js'
+
+type AdapterLifecycleEvent =
+  | { type: `start`; options: LoadSubsetOptions }
+  | { type: `release`; options: LoadSubsetOptions }
+
+function eventTypes(
+  events: ReadonlyArray<AdapterLifecycleEvent>,
+): Array<AdapterLifecycleEvent[`type`]> {
+  return events.map((event) => event.type)
+}
+
+function visibleRows<Row extends { id: string; value: number }>(
+  values: Iterable<Row>,
+): Array<{ id: string; value: number }> {
+  return Array.from(values, ({ id, value }) => ({ id, value }))
+}
+
+type TruncateCoverageScenario = {
+  oldRequest: `none` | `settles-late`
+  freshResult: `authoritative` | `unknown` | `reject`
+  settlementOrder: `old-first` | `fresh-first`
+}
+
+const truncateCoverageScenarioArbitrary: fc.Arbitrary<TruncateCoverageScenario> =
+  fc.record({
+    oldRequest: fc.constantFrom(`none` as const, `settles-late` as const),
+    freshResult: fc.constantFrom(
+      `authoritative` as const,
+      `unknown` as const,
+      `reject` as const,
+    ),
+    settlementOrder: fc.constantFrom(
+      `old-first` as const,
+      `fresh-first` as const,
+    ),
+  })
+
+const exhaustiveTruncateCoverageScenarios: Array<TruncateCoverageScenario> = [
+  `none` as const,
+  `settles-late` as const,
+].flatMap((oldRequest) =>
+  ([`authoritative`, `unknown`, `reject`] as const).flatMap((freshResult) =>
+    ([`old-first`, `fresh-first`] as const).map((settlementOrder) => ({
+      oldRequest,
+      freshResult,
+      settlementOrder,
+    })),
+  ),
+)
+
+const { multiplier: truncateMultiplier, replaySeed: truncateReplaySeed } =
+  readOracleRunConfig()
+
+let truncateCoverageHarnessId = 0
+
+async function runTruncateCoverageScenario(
+  scenario: TruncateCoverageScenario,
+): Promise<void> {
+  type Row = { id: string; value: number }
+  type AdapterResult = {
+    hasMore: boolean | undefined
+    appliedRowKeys: ReadonlyArray<string>
+  }
+  let begin!: () => void
+  let write!: (message: { type: `insert`; value: Row }) => void
+  let commit!: () => true | Promise<void>
+  let truncate!: () => void
+  const pending = new Map<
+    LoadSubsetOptions,
+    ReturnType<typeof createDeferred<AdapterResult>>
+  >()
+  const unloadSubset = vi.fn()
+  const source = createCollection<Row>({
+    id: `truncate-coverage-oracle-${truncateCoverageHarnessId++}`,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    startSync: true,
+    sync: {
+      sync: (params) => {
+        begin = params.begin
+        write = params.write
+        commit = params.commit
+        truncate = params.truncate
+        params.markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: (options) => {
+            const request = createDeferred<AdapterResult>()
+            pending.set(options, request)
+            return request.promise
+          },
+          unloadSubset,
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+  const initialOptions = { limit: 1 }
+  const oldOptions = { limit: 2 }
+  const freshOptions = { limit: 3 }
+  const histories: Array<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent> = []
+  const activeOptions: Array<LoadSubsetOptions> = []
+
+  const request = (ownerId: string, options: LoadSubsetOptions) => {
+    histories.push({
+      type: `requestDemand`,
+      ownerId,
+      sessionId: `session`,
+      demandId: `prefix-${options.limit}`,
+      alreadyAborted: false,
+    })
+    activeOptions.push(options)
+    const result = source._sync.loadSubset(options)
+    if (result === true) throw new Error(`Expected a controlled async request`)
+    return result
+  }
+
+  const apply = async (
+    ownerId: string,
+    options: LoadSubsetOptions,
+    rows: ReadonlyArray<Row>,
+    hasMore: boolean | undefined,
+  ) => {
+    begin()
+    for (const row of rows) write({ type: `insert`, value: row })
+    const applied = commit()
+    if (applied !== true) await applied
+    pending.get(options)!.resolve({
+      hasMore,
+      appliedRowKeys: rows.map(({ id }) => id),
+    })
+    histories.push({
+      type:
+        hasMore === undefined ? `applyUnprovenRows` : `applyAuthoritativeRows`,
+      ownerId,
+      demandId: `prefix-${options.limit}`,
+      rowKeys: rows.map(({ id }) => id),
+    })
+  }
+
+  const reject = (ownerId: string, options: LoadSubsetOptions) => {
+    pending.get(options)!.reject(new Error(`fresh replay failed`))
+    histories.push({
+      type: `rejectDemand`,
+      ownerId,
+      demandId: `prefix-${options.limit}`,
+    })
+  }
+
+  const expectModel = () => {
+    const actualReusable = activeOptions
+      .filter(
+        (options) => source._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(options) !== undefined,
+      )
+      .map((options) => `prefix-${options.limit}`)
+      .sort()
+    expect(actualReusable).toEqual(projectReusableDemands(histories))
+    expect(Array.from(source.keys()).sort()).toEqual(
+      projectRetainedRowKeys(histories),
+    )
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const initialLoad = request(`initial`, initialOptions)
+    await apply(`initial`, initialOptions, [{ id: `initial`, value: 1 }], false)
+    await initialLoad
+    expectModel()
+
+    const oldLoad =
+      scenario.oldRequest === `settles-late`
+        ? request(`old`, oldOptions)
+        : undefined
+
+    begin()
+    truncate()
+    const truncated = commit()
+    if (truncated !== true) await truncated
+    histories.push({ type: `truncateSource`, sessionId: `session` })
+    expectModel()
+
+    const freshLoad = request(`fresh`, freshOptions)
+    const settleOld = async () => {
+      if (!oldLoad) return
+      await apply(`old`, oldOptions, [{ id: `old`, value: 2 }], false)
+      await oldLoad
+      expectModel()
+    }
+    const settleFresh = async () => {
+      if (scenario.freshResult === `reject`) {
+        reject(`fresh`, freshOptions)
+        await expect(freshLoad).rejects.toThrow(`fresh replay failed`)
+      } else {
+        await apply(
+          `fresh`,
+          freshOptions,
+          [{ id: `fresh`, value: 3 }],
+          scenario.freshResult === `authoritative` ? false : undefined,
+        )
+        await freshLoad
+      }
+      expectModel()
+    }
+
+    if (scenario.settlementOrder === `fresh-first`) {
+      await settleFresh()
+      await settleOld()
+    } else {
+      await settleOld()
+      await settleFresh()
+    }
+
+    for (const options of activeOptions) {
+      source._sync.unloadSubset(options)
+      histories.push({
+        type: `releaseDemand`,
+        ownerId:
+          options === initialOptions
+            ? `initial`
+            : options === oldOptions
+              ? `old`
+              : `fresh`,
+        demandId: `prefix-${options.limit}`,
+        rowKeys:
+          options === initialOptions
+            ? [`initial`]
+            : options === oldOptions
+              ? [`old`]
+              : scenario.freshResult === `reject`
+                ? []
+                : [`fresh`],
+        finalRowOwner: true,
+        invalidatesAdapterEvidence: true,
+      })
+    }
+    expect(unloadSubset.mock.calls.map(([options]) => options)).toEqual(
+      activeOptions,
+    )
+    expectModel()
+  } finally {
+    for (const pendingRequest of pending.values()) {
+      pendingRequest.reject(new Error(`test cleanup`))
+    }
+    await source.cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
+it(`does not release physical work when an already-aborted demand skips adapter start`, async () => {
+  const ownerId = `aborted-owner`
+  const requestEvent: LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent = {
+    type: `requestDemand`,
+    ownerId,
+    sessionId: `session-1`,
+    demandId: `all-rows`,
+    alreadyAborted: true,
+  }
+  const history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent> = [
+    requestEvent,
+    {
+      type: `releaseDemand`,
+      ownerId,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      rowKeys: [],
+      finalRowOwner: false,
+      invalidatesAdapterEvidence: false,
+    },
+  ]
+  const adapterEvents: Array<AdapterLifecycleEvent> = []
+  const collection = createCollection<{ id: string }>({
+    id: `full-flow-aborted-before-start`,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    sync: {
+      sync: ({ markReady }) => {
+        markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: (options) => {
+            adapterEvents.push({ type: `start`, options })
+            return true
+          },
+          unloadSubset: (options) => {
+            adapterEvents.push({ type: `release`, options })
+          },
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+  const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {}, {
+    includeInitialState: false,
+  })
+  const request = new AbortController()
+  request.abort()
+
+  try {
+    subscription.requestSnapshot({
+      signal: request.signal,
+      optimizedOnly: false,
+    })
+    expect(eventTypes(adapterEvents)).toEqual(
+      projectAdapterLifecycle([requestEvent]).map(({ type }) =>
+        type === `invoke` ? `start` : `release`,
+      ),
+    )
+
+    subscription.unsubscribe()
+
+    // A skipped adapter call creates no physical resource to release.
+    expect(eventTypes(adapterEvents)).toEqual(
+      projectAdapterLifecycle(history).map(({ type }) =>
+        type === `invoke` ? `start` : `release`,
+      ),
+    )
+  } finally {
+    subscription.unsubscribe()
+    await collection.cleanup()
+  }
+})
+
+it(`reloads authoritative rows after final-owner cleanup invalidates retained adapter coverage`, async () => {
+  type Row = { id: string; value: number }
+  const row: Row = { id: `row`, value: 1 }
+  const history: ReadonlyArray<LoadSubsetFullFlowEvent> = [
+    {
+      type: `requestDemand`,
+      ownerId: `owner-1`,
+      sessionId: `session-1`,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      alreadyAborted: false,
+    },
+    {
+      type: `applyAuthoritativeRows`,
+      ownerId: `owner-1`,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      rowKeys: [row.id],
+    },
+    {
+      type: `releaseDemand`,
+      ownerId: `owner-1`,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      rowKeys: [row.id],
+      finalRowOwner: true,
+      invalidatesAdapterEvidence: true,
+    },
+    {
+      type: `restartSession`,
+      previousSessionId: `session-1`,
+      nextSessionId: `session-2`,
+    },
+    {
+      type: `requestDemand`,
+      ownerId: `owner-2`,
+      sessionId: `session-2`,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      alreadyAborted: false,
+    },
+    {
+      type: `applyAuthoritativeRows`,
+      ownerId: `owner-2`,
+      demandId: `all-rows`,
+      rowKeys: [row.id],
+    },
+  ]
+  let transportLoads = 0
+  let begin!: () => void
+  let write!: (message: { type: `insert`; value: Row }) => void
+  let commit!: () => true | Promise<void>
+
+  const deduplicated = new DeduplicatedLoadSubset({
+    loadSubset: async () => {
+      transportLoads++
+      begin()
+      write({ type: `insert`, value: row })
+      const applied = commit()
+      if (applied !== true) await applied
+      return { hasMore: false, appliedRowKeys: [row.id] }
+    },
+  })
+  const source = createCollection<Row>({
+    id: `full-flow-dedupe-remount-source`,
+    getKey: (value) => value.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    startSync: true,
+    sync: {
+      sync: (params) => {
+        begin = params.begin
+        write = params.write
+        commit = params.commit
+        params.markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: deduplicated.loadSubset,
+          unloadSubset: deduplicated.unloadSubset,
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+  const createLive = (id: string) =>
+    createLiveQueryCollection({
+      id,
+      query: (q) => q.from({ row: source }),
+      startSync: true,
+    })
+  const first = createLive(`full-flow-dedupe-remount-first`)
+  let second: ReturnType<typeof createLive> | undefined
+
+  try {
+    await first.preload()
+    expect(visibleRows(first.values())).toEqual([row])
+    expect(transportLoads).toBe(1)
+
+    await first.cleanup()
+    expect(Array.from(source.values())).toEqual([])
+
+    second = createLive(`full-flow-dedupe-remount-second`)
+    await second.preload()
+
+    // The adapter must either replay retained evidence or fetch it again.
+    expect(transportLoads).toBe(projectTransportLoads(history))
+    expect(visibleRows(second.values()).map(({ id }) => id)).toEqual(
+      projectRetainedRowKeys(history),
+    )
+  } finally {
+    await Promise.all([
+      first.cleanup(),
+      second?.cleanup() ?? Promise.resolve(),
+      source.cleanup(),
+    ])
+  }
+})
+
+it(`matches the truncate evidence model across every bounded settlement history`, async () => {
+  for (const scenario of exhaustiveTruncateCoverageScenarios) {
+    await runTruncateCoverageScenario(scenario)
+  }
+})
+
+fcTest.prop([truncateCoverageScenarioArbitrary], {
+  numRuns: 12 * truncateMultiplier,
+  seed: 1774,
+})(`fences pre-truncate evidence for a fixed seed`, runTruncateCoverageScenario)
+
+fcTest.prop(
+  [truncateCoverageScenarioArbitrary],
+  oracleRandomParameters(12 * truncateMultiplier, truncateReplaySeed),
+)(
+  `fences pre-truncate evidence for a random or replayed seed`,
+  runTruncateCoverageScenario,
+)
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-lifecycle-oracle.property.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-lifecycle-oracle.property.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..433881dde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-lifecycle-oracle.property.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+import { fc, test as fcTest } from '@fast-check/vitest'
+import { expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { CoverageRegistry } from '../../src/query/coverage-registry.js'
+import {
+  applyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent,
+  canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent,
+  createLoadSubsetLifecycleModel,
+  lifecycleOwnsAppliedRows,
+  lifecyclePublishesCoverage,
+} from '../load-subset-lifecycle-model.js'
+import { oraclePropertyOptions } from '../oracle-config.js'
+import type { AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome } from '../../src/types.js'
+import type {
+  LoadSubsetLifecycleEvent,
+  LoadSubsetLifecycleModel,
+} from '../load-subset-lifecycle-model.js'
+import type { Command } from 'fast-check'
+
+type PrefixCoverage = Readonly<{ prefix: number }>
+type LifecycleModel = LoadSubsetLifecycleModel
+
+type ReleaseProbe = {
+  accepted: boolean
+  calls: number
+  release: () => void
+}
+
+type PrefixRegistry = CoverageRegistry<number, PrefixCoverage, string>
+
+type LifecycleReal = {
+  registry: PrefixRegistry
+  lease?: ReturnType<PrefixRegistry[`addLease`]>
+  acquisition?: ReturnType<PrefixRegistry[`addAcquisition`]>
+  release: ReleaseProbe
+}
+
+function createRegistry(): PrefixRegistry {
+  return new CoverageRegistry({
+    coversDemand: (coverage, demand) => coverage.prefix >= demand,
+    coversCoverage: (coverage, candidate) =>
+      coverage.prefix >= candidate.prefix,
+    snapshotCoverage: (coverage) => Object.freeze({ ...coverage }),
+    projectAppliedCoverage: ({ outcome, rows }) =>
+      outcome.extent === `exhausted` && rows.size >= 1
+        ? { prefix: 1 }
+        : undefined,
+  })
+}
+
+function createReleaseProbe(): ReleaseProbe {
+  const probe: ReleaseProbe = {
+    accepted: false,
+    calls: 0,
+    release: () => {
+      probe.calls++
+      if (!probe.accepted) throw new Error(`release not durably accepted`)
+    },
+  }
+  return probe
+}
+
+function appliedOutcome(generation = 1): AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome {
+  return {
+    collectionId: `scheduled-lifecycle`,
+    sourceId: `items`,
+    demand: { limit: 1 },
+    generation,
+    extent: `exhausted`,
+    appliedRowKeys: [`row`],
+  }
+}
+
+function expectReleasePending(operation: () => unknown): void {
+  expect(operation).toThrow(`release not durably accepted`)
+}
+
+function assertLifecycle(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+  const ownsAppliedRow = lifecycleOwnsAppliedRows(model)
+  const publishesCoverage = lifecyclePublishesCoverage(model)
+
+  expect(real.registry.rowOwnerCount(`row`)).toBe(ownsAppliedRow ? 1 : 0)
+  expect(real.registry.coverageAntichain()).toEqual(
+    publishesCoverage ? [{ prefix: 1 }] : [],
+  )
+  expect(real.release.calls).toBe(model.releaseCalls)
+}
+
+abstract class LifecycleCommand implements Command<
+  LifecycleModel,
+  LifecycleReal
+> {
+  abstract event: LoadSubsetLifecycleEvent
+  abstract check(model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>): boolean
+  abstract run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void
+  abstract toString(): string
+
+  protected assert(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    assertLifecycle(model, real)
+  }
+
+  protected apply(model: LifecycleModel): void {
+    applyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+  }
+}
+
+class StartDemandCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `startDemand` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    real.lease = real.registry.addLease(1)
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `startDemand`
+}
+
+class ActivateDemandCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `activateDemand` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    real.acquisition = real.registry.addAcquisition({
+      generation: 1,
+      scope: {
+        collectionId: `scheduled-lifecycle`,
+        sourceId: `items`,
+        demand: { limit: 1 },
+      },
+      leases: [real.lease!],
+      release: real.release.release,
+    })
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `activateDemand`
+}
+
+class ApplyOutcomeCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `applyOutcome` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    real.registry.replaceRows(real.acquisition!, new Set([`row`]))
+    expect(
+      real.registry.publishOutcome(real.acquisition!, appliedOutcome()),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: true, published: true })
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `applyOutcome`
+}
+
+class FailProvisionalCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `failProvisional` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    expect(real.registry.releaseLease(real.lease!)).toEqual({
+      rowsToRemove: [],
+    })
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `failProvisional`
+}
+
+class PublishStaleGenerationCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `publishStaleGeneration` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    expect(
+      real.registry.publishOutcome(real.acquisition!, appliedOutcome(0)),
+    ).toMatchObject({ accepted: false, published: false })
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `publishStaleGeneration`
+}
+
+class RequestReleaseCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `requestRelease` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    expectReleasePending(() => real.registry.releaseLease(real.lease!))
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `requestRelease`
+}
+
+class RetryPendingReleaseCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `retryPendingRelease` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    expectReleasePending(() =>
+      model.releaseMode === `dispose`
+        ? real.registry.dispose()
+        : real.registry.releaseLease(real.lease!),
+    )
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `retryPendingRelease`
+}
+
+class AcceptPendingReleaseCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `acceptPendingRelease` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    real.release.accepted = true
+    const result =
+      model.releaseMode === `dispose`
+        ? real.registry.dispose()
+        : real.registry.releaseLease(real.lease!)
+    expect(result.rowsToRemove).toEqual(model.applied ? [`row`] : [])
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `acceptPendingRelease`
+}
+
+class DisposeCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `dispose` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    if (model.state === `active` || model.state === `applied`) {
+      expectReleasePending(() => real.registry.dispose())
+    } else {
+      expect(real.registry.dispose()).toEqual({ rowsToRemove: [] })
+    }
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `dispose`
+}
+
+class PublishLateOutcomeCommand extends LifecycleCommand {
+  event = { type: `publishLateOutcome` } as const
+  check = (model: Readonly<LifecycleModel>) =>
+    canApplyLoadSubsetLifecycleEvent(model, this.event)
+
+  run(model: LifecycleModel, real: LifecycleReal): void {
+    if (real.acquisition) {
+      expect(
+        real.registry.publishOutcome(real.acquisition, appliedOutcome(2)),
+      ).toMatchObject({ accepted: false, published: false })
+    }
+    this.apply(model)
+    this.assert(model, real)
+  }
+
+  toString = () => `publishLateOutcome`
+}
+
+const commandArbitraries = [
+  fc.constant(new StartDemandCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new ActivateDemandCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new ApplyOutcomeCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new FailProvisionalCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new PublishStaleGenerationCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new RequestReleaseCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new RetryPendingReleaseCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new AcceptPendingReleaseCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new DisposeCommand()),
+  fc.constant(new PublishLateOutcomeCommand()),
+]
+
+function createLifecyclePair(): {
+  model: LifecycleModel
+  real: LifecycleReal
+} {
+  return {
+    model: createLoadSubsetLifecycleModel(),
+    real: {
+      registry: createRegistry(),
+      release: createReleaseProbe(),
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+function runHistory(commands: ReadonlyArray<LifecycleCommand>): void {
+  const { model, real } = createLifecyclePair()
+  for (const command of commands) {
+    expect(command.check(model)).toBe(true)
+    command.run(model, real)
+  }
+}
+
+it(`keeps applied ownership until release is durably accepted`, () => {
+  runHistory([
+    new StartDemandCommand(),
+    new ActivateDemandCommand(),
+    new ApplyOutcomeCommand(),
+    new RequestReleaseCommand(),
+    new RetryPendingReleaseCommand(),
+    new AcceptPendingReleaseCommand(),
+    new PublishLateOutcomeCommand(),
+  ])
+})
+
+it(`keeps teardown retryable while physical release is not accepted`, () => {
+  runHistory([
+    new StartDemandCommand(),
+    new ActivateDemandCommand(),
+    new ApplyOutcomeCommand(),
+    new DisposeCommand(),
+    new AcceptPendingReleaseCommand(),
+    new PublishLateOutcomeCommand(),
+  ])
+})
+
+it(`publishes neither provisional nor stale-generation coverage`, () => {
+  runHistory([new StartDemandCommand(), new FailProvisionalCommand()])
+  runHistory([
+    new StartDemandCommand(),
+    new ActivateDemandCommand(),
+    new PublishStaleGenerationCommand(),
+  ])
+})
+
+fcTest.prop(
+  [
+    fc.commands<LifecycleModel, LifecycleReal>(commandArbitraries, {
+      maxCommands: 20,
+    }),
+  ],
+  oraclePropertyOptions(100),
+)(
+  `matches the scheduled acquisition, coverage, release, teardown, and stale-settlement lifecycle`,
+  (commands) => {
+    fc.modelRun(
+      () => ({
+        ...createLifecyclePair(),
+      }),
+      commands,
+    )
+  },
+)
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-projection-oracle.property.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-projection-oracle.property.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d17a396b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/load-subset-projection-oracle.property.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+import { fc, test as fcTest } from '@fast-check/vitest'
+import { expect, test } from 'vitest'
+import { createCollection } from '../../src/collection/index.js'
+import { oraclePropertyOptions } from '../oracle-config.js'
+import type {
+  AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome,
+  LoadSubsetOptions,
+} from '../../src/types.js'
+
+type Row = { id: number }
+
+type EvidenceCandidate = Readonly<{
+  demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+  extent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+  rowIds: ReadonlyArray<number>
+}>
+
+let collectionSequence = 0
+
+async function measureSynchronousEvidenceWork(
+  authority: `applied` | `established`,
+  candidateCount: number,
+) {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, id) => ({ id }))
+  const physicalDemands = Array.from({ length: candidateCount }, (_, index) =>
+    Object.freeze({ limit: 16 + index }),
+  )
+  let loadCount = 0
+  const collection = createCollection<Row>({
+    id: `load-subset-${authority}-evidence-work-${collectionSequence++}`,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    startSync: true,
+    sync: {
+      sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+        markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: () => {
+            loadCount++
+            if (loadCount > candidateCount) return true
+            if (loadCount === 1) {
+              begin()
+              rows.forEach((row) => write({ type: `insert`, value: row }))
+              commit()
+            }
+            return Promise.resolve({
+              hasMore: authority === `established` ? false : undefined,
+              appliedRowKeys: rows.map(({ id }) => id),
+            })
+          },
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+
+  try {
+    for (const demand of physicalDemands) {
+      const result = collection._sync.loadSubset(demand)
+      if (result !== true) await result
+    }
+
+    const satisfiedDemand = Object.freeze({ limit: 1 })
+    collection._sync.resetLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts()
+    expect(collection._sync.loadSubset(satisfiedDemand)).toBe(true)
+    const satisfaction = collection._sync.getLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts()
+
+    collection._sync.resetLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts()
+    expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(satisfiedDemand)).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({ demand: satisfiedDemand }),
+    )
+    const outcomeRead = collection._sync.getLoadSubsetEvidenceWorkCounts()
+
+    return { satisfaction, outcomeRead }
+  } finally {
+    await collection.cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
+async function selectSynchronousEvidence(
+  candidates: ReadonlyArray<EvidenceCandidate>,
+  demand: LoadSubsetOptions,
+) {
+  let nextCandidate = 0
+  const collection = createCollection<Row>({
+    id: `load-subset-evidence-selection-${collectionSequence++}`,
+    getKey: (row) => row.id,
+    syncMode: `on-demand`,
+    startSync: true,
+    sync: {
+      sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+        markReady()
+        return {
+          loadSubset: (options) => {
+            const candidate = candidates[nextCandidate++]
+            if (!candidate) return true
+            expect(options).toEqual(candidate.demand)
+            begin()
+            candidate.rowIds.forEach((id) =>
+              write({ type: `insert`, value: { id } }),
+            )
+            commit()
+            return Promise.resolve({
+              hasMore:
+                candidate.extent === `unknown`
+                  ? undefined
+                  : candidate.extent === `continues`,
+              appliedRowKeys: candidate.rowIds,
+            })
+          },
+        }
+      },
+    },
+  })
+
+  try {
+    for (const candidate of candidates) {
+      const result = collection._sync.loadSubset(candidate.demand)
+      expect(result).not.toBe(true)
+      if (result !== true) await result
+    }
+    expect(collection._sync.loadSubset(demand)).toBe(true)
+    expect(nextCandidate).toBe(candidates.length + 1)
+    return collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(demand)
+  } finally {
+    await collection.cleanup()
+  }
+}
+
+test.each([`established`, `applied`] as const)(
+  `bounds synchronous %s evidence work independently of candidate count`,
+  async (authority) => {
+    const oneCandidate = await measureSynchronousEvidenceWork(authority, 1)
+    const eightCandidates = await measureSynchronousEvidenceWork(authority, 8)
+
+    expect(eightCandidates).toEqual(oneCandidate)
+    // Count copied row-key slots, not copy operations. The fixed budget includes
+    // the selected projection and the coverage registry's stored snapshots.
+    expect(eightCandidates).toEqual({
+      satisfaction: {
+        rowKeyCopies: 96,
+        demandSnapshots: 5,
+        demandKeyDerivations: 6,
+      },
+      outcomeRead: {
+        rowKeyCopies: 32,
+        demandSnapshots: 1,
+        demandKeyDerivations: 1,
+      },
+    })
+  },
+)
+
+test.each([
+  {
+    name: `exact evidence over newer covering evidence`,
+    candidates: [
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 5 },
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowIds: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104],
+      },
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+        extent: `continues`,
+        rowIds: [200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209],
+      },
+    ],
+    demand: { limit: 5 },
+    expectedExtent: `exhausted`,
+    expectedRowIds: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104],
+  },
+  {
+    name: `continuing evidence over newer exhausted evidence`,
+    candidates: [
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+        extent: `continues`,
+        rowIds: [300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309],
+      },
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 12 },
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowIds: [400],
+      },
+    ],
+    demand: { limit: 5 },
+    expectedExtent: `continues`,
+    expectedRowIds: [300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309],
+  },
+  {
+    name: `newer generation when exactness and extent tie`,
+    candidates: [
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowIds: [500],
+      },
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 12 },
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowIds: [600],
+      },
+    ],
+    demand: { offset: 5, limit: 3 },
+    expectedExtent: `exhausted`,
+    expectedRowIds: [600],
+  },
+  {
+    name: `established evidence over newer exact applied evidence`,
+    candidates: [
+      {
+        demand: { limit: 10 },
+        extent: `exhausted`,
+        rowIds: [700],
+      },
+      {
+        demand: { offset: 5, limit: 3 },
+        extent: `unknown`,
+        rowIds: [800, 801, 802],
+      },
+    ],
+    demand: { offset: 5, limit: 3 },
+    expectedExtent: `exhausted`,
+    expectedRowIds: [700],
+  },
+] satisfies ReadonlyArray<{
+  name: string
+  candidates: ReadonlyArray<EvidenceCandidate>
+  demand: LoadSubsetOptions
+  expectedExtent: AppliedLoadSubsetOutcome[`extent`]
+  expectedRowIds: ReadonlyArray<number>
+}>)(
+  `selects $name`,
+  async ({ candidates, demand, expectedExtent, expectedRowIds }) => {
+    await expect(
+      selectSynchronousEvidence(candidates, demand),
+    ).resolves.toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        demand,
+        extent: expectedExtent,
+        appliedRowKeys: expectedRowIds,
+      }),
+    )
+  },
+)
+
+const projectionScenarioArbitrary = fc
+  .record({
+    sourceSize: fc.integer({ min: 1, max: 8 }),
+    rawOffset: fc.nat(7),
+    rawLimit: fc.nat(7),
+  })
+  .map(({ sourceSize, rawOffset, rawLimit }) => {
+    const callerOffset = rawOffset % sourceSize
+    const callerLimit = 1 + (rawLimit % (sourceSize - callerOffset))
+    return { sourceSize, callerOffset, callerLimit }
+  })
+
+fcTest.prop([projectionScenarioArbitrary], oraclePropertyOptions(50))(
+  `projects covering exhaustion relative to a finite source world`,
+  async ({ sourceSize, callerOffset, callerLimit }) => {
+    const rows = Array.from({ length: sourceSize }, (_, id) => ({ id }))
+    let physicalLoads = 0
+    const collection = createCollection<Row>({
+      id: `load-subset-projection-oracle-${collectionSequence++}`,
+      getKey: (row) => row.id,
+      syncMode: `on-demand`,
+      startSync: true,
+      sync: {
+        sync: ({ begin, write, commit, markReady }) => {
+          markReady()
+          return {
+            loadSubset: () => {
+              physicalLoads++
+              if (physicalLoads > 1) return true
+              begin()
+              for (const row of rows) write({ type: `insert`, value: row })
+              commit()
+              return Promise.resolve({
+                hasMore: false,
+                appliedRowKeys: rows.map(({ id }) => id),
+              })
+            },
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    try {
+      const physicalDemand = { offset: 0, limit: sourceSize }
+      await collection._sync.loadSubset(physicalDemand)
+
+      const callerDemand = { offset: callerOffset, limit: callerLimit }
+      expect(collection._sync.loadSubset(callerDemand)).toBe(true)
+
+      const callerEnd = callerOffset + callerLimit
+      const expectedExtent = callerEnd < sourceSize ? `continues` : `exhausted`
+      expect(collection._sync.getLoadSubsetOutcome(callerDemand)).toEqual(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          demand: callerDemand,
+          extent: expectedExtent,
+        }),
+      )
+    } finally {
+      await collection.cleanup()
+    }
+  },
+)
diff --git a/packages/db/tests/query/subset-dedupe.test.ts b/packages/db/tests/query/subset-dedupe.test.ts
index c99b1b9605..5ea056658c 100644
--- a/packages/db/tests/query/subset-dedupe.test.ts
+++ b/packages/db/tests/query/subset-dedupe.test.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,98 @@ function not(expression: BasicExpression<boolean>): Func {
 }
 
 describe(`createDeduplicatedLoadSubset`, () => {
+  it.each(
+    [
+      {
+        name: `unbounded`,
+        createOptions: (): LoadSubsetOptions => ({}),
+      },
+      {
+        name: `filtered`,
+        createOptions: (): LoadSubsetOptions => ({
+          where: eq(ref(`status`), val(`active`)),
+        }),
+      },
+      {
+        name: `limited`,
+        createOptions: (): LoadSubsetOptions => ({ limit: 2 }),
+      },
+    ].flatMap((coverage) =>
+      ([`sync`, `async`] as const).map((settlement) => ({
+        ...coverage,
+        settlement,
+      })),
+    ),
+  )(
+    `invalidates $settlement $name settled coverage on unload`,
+    async ({ createOptions, settlement }) => {
+      const loadSubset = vi.fn(() =>
+        settlement === `sync` ? (true as const) : Promise.resolve(),
+      )
+      const deduplicated = new DeduplicatedLoadSubset({ loadSubset })
+      const owner = createOptions()
+
+      await deduplicated.loadSubset(owner)
+      expect(deduplicated.loadSubset(createOptions())).toBe(true)
+      expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+      deduplicated.unloadSubset(owner)
+      await deduplicated.loadSubset(createOptions())
+
+      expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    },
+  )
+
+  it(`bounds conservative adapter-wide invalidation to one refetch per revisited demand`, async () => {
+    const loadSubset = vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve())
+    const deduplicated = new DeduplicatedLoadSubset({ loadSubset })
+    const demands = Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, id) => ({
+      where: eq(ref(`id`), val(id)),
+      limit: 1,
+    }))
+
+    for (const demand of demands) await deduplicated.loadSubset(demand)
+    expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(demands.length)
+
+    // Core may delete rows owned by any remembered request when one collection
+    // owner leaves. Without adapter row provenance, preserving the other five
+    // request facts would be unsafe, so one release invalidates all six.
+    deduplicated.unloadSubset(demands[0]!)
+    for (const demand of demands.slice(1)) {
+      await deduplicated.loadSubset(demand)
+    }
+    expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(
+      demands.length + demands.length - 1,
+    )
+
+    // Once those demands have rebuilt the cache, revisiting them is free again.
+    for (const demand of demands.slice(1)) {
+      expect(deduplicated.loadSubset(demand)).toBe(true)
+    }
+    expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(
+      demands.length + demands.length - 1,
+    )
+  })
+
+  it(`does not restore invalidated coverage when unloaded work settles late`, async () => {
+    let resolveLoad: (() => void) | undefined
+    const loadSubset = vi.fn(
+      () => new Promise<void>((resolve) => (resolveLoad = resolve)),
+    )
+    const deduplicated = new DeduplicatedLoadSubset({ loadSubset })
+    const owner = new AbortController()
+    const options = { limit: 2, signal: owner.signal }
+    const first = deduplicated.loadSubset(options)
+
+    owner.abort()
+    deduplicated.unloadSubset(options)
+    resolveLoad?.()
+    await first
+
+    deduplicated.loadSubset({ limit: 2 })
+    expect(loadSubset).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
   it(`shares in-flight work while any cancellation owner remains active`, async () => {
     let resolveLoad: (() => void) | undefined
     let sharedSignal: AbortSignal | undefined
diff --git a/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts b/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts
index 39e6540a6a..e47d1fc076 100644
--- a/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts
+++ b/packages/electric-db-collection/src/electric.ts
@@ -2064,6 +2064,7 @@ function createElectricSync<T extends Row<unknown>>(
       // The loadSubset method is auto-bound, so it can be safely returned directly
       return {
         loadSubset: loadSubsetDedupe?.loadSubset,
+        unloadSubset: loadSubsetDedupe?.unloadSubset,
         cleanup: () => {
           // Unsubscribe from the stream
           unsubscribeStream()
diff --git a/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts b/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts
index e6d95e3f57..11d498b3e7 100644
--- a/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts
+++ b/packages/query-db-collection/src/query.ts
@@ -821,6 +821,11 @@ export function queryCollectionOptions(
   // 3. Decrements refcount and GCs rows where count reaches 0
   const queryRefCounts = new Map<string, number>()
 
+  // Eager mode owns its base query for the collection's whole lifetime. Query
+  // cache GC may remove the idle cache entry, but that is not a release of the
+  // collection's ownership or its materialized rows.
+  const collectionLifetimeQueries = new Set<string>()
+
   const addRowOwner = (rowKey: string | number, hashedQueryKey: string) => {
     const owners = rowToQueries.get(rowKey) || new Set<string>()
     owners.add(hashedQueryKey)
@@ -1822,6 +1827,7 @@ export function queryCollectionOptions(
 
     // If syncMode is eager, create the initial query without any predicates
     if (syncMode === `eager`) {
+      collectionLifetimeQueries.add(hashKey(generateQueryKeyFromOptions({})))
       // Catch any errors to prevent unhandled rejections
       const initialResult = createQueryFromOpts({})
       if (initialResult instanceof Promise) {
@@ -1915,6 +1921,7 @@ export function queryCollectionOptions(
       queryToRows.delete(hashedQueryKey)
       hashToQueryKey.delete(hashedQueryKey)
       queryRefCounts.delete(hashedQueryKey)
+      collectionLifetimeQueries.delete(hashedQueryKey)
       effectivePersistedGcTimes.delete(hashedQueryKey)
     }
 
@@ -1928,6 +1935,10 @@ export function queryCollectionOptions(
       const effectivePersistedGcTime =
         effectivePersistedGcTimes.get(hashedQueryKey)
 
+      if (collectionLifetimeQueries.has(hashedQueryKey)) {
+        return
+      }
+
       if (refcount <= 0) {
         // Drop our subscription so hasListeners reflects only active consumers
         unsubscribes.get(hashedQueryKey)?.()
@@ -2009,6 +2020,22 @@ export function queryCollectionOptions(
         if (event.type === `removed`) {
           // Only cleanup if this is OUR query (we track it)
           if (hashToQueryKey.has(hashedKey)) {
+            if (collectionLifetimeQueries.has(hashedKey)) {
+              // Cache removal detaches the old observer. Eager mode still owns
+              // this query, so replace that observer without retiring its rows.
+              unsubscribes.get(hashedKey)?.()
+              unsubscribes.delete(hashedKey)
+              unsubscribePendingReadyListeners(hashedKey)
+              state.observers.delete(hashedKey)
+              queryRefCounts.set(hashedKey, 0)
+              const replacement = createQueryFromOpts({})
+              if (replacement instanceof Promise) {
+                replacement.catch(() => {
+                  // Errors are handled by the query result handler.
+                })
+              }
+              return
+            }
             // TanStack Query GC'd this query after gcTime expired.
             // Use the guarded cleanup path to avoid deleting rows for active queries.
             cleanupQueryIfIdle(hashedKey)
diff --git a/packages/query-db-collection/tests/ownership-lifecycle.oracle.test.ts b/packages/query-db-collection/tests/ownership-lifecycle.oracle.test.ts
index ef9baa5da9..4dddbf3564 100644
--- a/packages/query-db-collection/tests/ownership-lifecycle.oracle.test.ts
+++ b/packages/query-db-collection/tests/ownership-lifecycle.oracle.test.ts
@@ -167,26 +167,6 @@ function asRecords({
   }
 }
 
-function classifyEagerOwnerLoss(difference: {
-  actual: unknown
-  expected: unknown
-}): boolean {
-  const records = asRecords(difference)
-  if (!records) return false
-  const { observed, wanted } = records
-  return (
-    observed.status === `ready` &&
-    Array.isArray(observed.rows) &&
-    observed.rows.length === 0 &&
-    observed.owners === 0 &&
-    wanted.status === `ready` &&
-    Array.isArray(wanted.rows) &&
-    wanted.rows.length === 1 &&
-    wanted.rows[0] === shared.id &&
-    wanted.owners === 1
-  )
-}
-
 function classifyInsertedOwnerMetadataLoss(difference: {
   actual: unknown
   expected: unknown
@@ -559,16 +539,16 @@ describe(`query collection ownership lifecycle oracle`, () => {
     )
   })
 
-  it(`#1631 keeps the eager owner when its last collection listener departs`, async () => {
-    const id = `ownership-eager-listener-1631`
-    const { collection, maps, queryClient } = createOwnershipFixture({
+  it(`keeps the eager owner when its last collection listener departs`, async () => {
+    const id = `ownership-eager-listener`
+    const { collection, maps, queryClient, queryFn } = createOwnershipFixture({
       id,
       syncMode: `eager`,
-      results: [[shared]],
+      results: [[shared], [{ ...shared, name: `Refetched` }]],
     })
 
     await collection.stateWhenReady()
-    const queryHash = onlyOwner(maps, shared.id)
+    onlyOwner(maps, shared.id)
     const subscription = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {})
     assertCheckpoint(
       0,
@@ -589,31 +569,34 @@ describe(`query collection ownership lifecycle oracle`, () => {
       // without making the defect boundary depend on a timer.
       queryClient.removeQueries({ queryKey: [id], exact: true })
 
-      const assertOwnerSurvives = expectAssertionFailure(
-        () =>
-          Promise.resolve().then(() => {
-            assertCheckpoint(
-              2,
-              {
-                status: collection.status,
-                rows: collectionRows(collection),
-                owners: ownersOf(maps, shared.id).length,
-              },
-              { status: `ready`, rows: [shared.id], owners: 1 },
-            )
-          }),
+      assertCheckpoint(
+        2,
         {
-          checkpoint: 2,
-          classify: classifyEagerOwnerLoss,
+          status: collection.status,
+          rows: collectionRows(collection),
+          owners: ownersOf(maps, shared.id).length,
         },
+        { status: `ready`, rows: [shared.id], owners: 1 },
       )
+      expect(warning).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
 
-      await assertOwnerSurvives()
-      expect(warning).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
-      expect(warning).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.stringContaining(`[cleanupQueryIfIdle]`),
-        { hashedQueryKey: queryHash },
+      await vi.waitFor(() => {
+        expect(observerCount(queryClient, onlyOwner(maps, shared.id))).toBe(1)
+        expect(queryFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+        expect(collection.get(shared.id)?.name).toBe(`Refetched`)
+      })
+
+      const remounted = collection.subscribeChanges(() => {})
+      assertCheckpoint(
+        3,
+        {
+          status: collection.status,
+          rows: collectionRows(collection),
+          owners: ownersOf(maps, shared.id).length,
+        },
+        { status: `ready`, rows: [shared.id], owners: 1 },
       )
+      remounted.unsubscribe()
     } finally {
       warning.mockRestore()
     }