diff --git a/.changeset/strict-shell-analysis.md b/.changeset/strict-shell-analysis.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ed2a71c91aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/strict-shell-analysis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+"@opencode-ai/core": patch
+---
+
+Harden portable shell permission analysis so unsupported syntax, hidden shell
+side effects, and unknown directory changes cannot inherit narrower approvals.
diff --git a/packages/core/src/permission.ts b/packages/core/src/permission.ts
index 5c35f89b9f80..9161687aedfc 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/permission.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/permission.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ export const AssertInput = Schema.Struct({
   id: ID.pipe(Schema.optional),
   ...RequestFields,
   agent: Agent.ID.pipe(Schema.optional),
+  resourceMode: Schema.Literals(["wildcard", "exact"]).pipe(Schema.optional),
 }).annotate({ identifier: "Permission.AssertInput" })
 export type AssertInput = typeof AssertInput.Type
 
@@ -117,6 +118,7 @@ export class Service extends Context.Service<Service, Interface>()("@opencode/Pe
 interface Pending {
   readonly request: Request
   readonly agent?: Agent.ID
+  readonly resourceMode?: AssertInput["resourceMode"]
   readonly deferred: Deferred.Deferred<void, DeclinedError | CorrectedError>
 }
 
@@ -177,8 +179,22 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
       return false
     })
 
-    function denied(input: Pick<Request, "action" | "resources">, rules: Permission.Ruleset) {
-      return input.resources.some((resource) => evaluate(input.action, resource, rules).effect === "deny")
+    function evaluated(
+      input: Pick<AssertInput, "action" | "resourceMode">,
+      resource: string,
+      rules: Permission.Ruleset,
+    ) {
+      if (input.resourceMode !== "exact") return evaluate(input.action, resource, rules)
+      for (let index = rules.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
+        const rule = rules[index]
+        if (!Wildcard.match(input.action, rule.action)) continue
+        if (rule.resource === resource || rule.resource === "*" || rule.effect !== "allow") return rule
+      }
+      return { action: input.action, resource: "*", effect: "ask" as const }
+    }
+
+    function denied(input: Pick<AssertInput, "action" | "resources" | "resourceMode">, rules: Permission.Ruleset) {
+      return input.resources.some((resource) => evaluated(input, resource, rules).effect === "deny")
     }
 
     function relevant(input: AssertInput, rules: Permission.Ruleset) {
@@ -189,7 +205,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
       const rules = yield* configured(input.sessionID, input.agent)
       if (denied(input, rules)) return { effect: "deny" as const, rules }
       const all = [...rules, ...(yield* savedRules())]
-      const effects = input.resources.map((resource) => evaluate(input.action, resource, all).effect)
+      const effects = input.resources.map((resource) => evaluated(input, resource, all).effect)
       const effect: Permission.Effect = effects.includes("deny") ? "deny" : effects.includes("ask") ? "ask" : "allow"
       return { effect, rules: all }
     })
@@ -206,11 +222,11 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
       }
     }
 
-    const create = (request: Request, agent?: Agent.ID) =>
+    const create = (request: Request, agent?: Agent.ID, resourceMode?: AssertInput["resourceMode"]) =>
       Effect.uninterruptible(
         Effect.gen(function* () {
           const deferred = yield* Deferred.make<void, DeclinedError | CorrectedError>()
-          const item = { request, agent, deferred }
+          const item = { request, agent, resourceMode, deferred }
           if (pending.has(request.id))
             return yield* Effect.die(new Error(`Duplicate pending permission ID: ${request.id}`))
           pending.set(request.id, item)
@@ -224,7 +240,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
     const ask = Effect.fn("Permission.ask")(function* (input: AssertInput) {
       const result = yield* evaluateInput(input)
       const value = request(input)
-      if (result.effect === "ask") yield* create(value, input.agent)
+      if (result.effect === "ask") yield* create(value, input.agent, input.resourceMode)
       return { id: value.id, effect: result.effect }
     })
 
@@ -240,7 +256,7 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
             })
           }
           if (result.effect === "allow") return
-          const item = yield* create(request(input), input.agent)
+          const item = yield* create(request(input), input.agent, input.resourceMode)
           return yield* restore(Deferred.await(item.deferred)).pipe(
             // Deliberate defect tunnel: leaves wrap execution in blanket `mapError`, which
             // must not convert a user's decline into model-facing tool output. The decline
@@ -305,12 +321,11 @@ const layer = Layer.effect(
               Effect.catchTag("Session.NotFoundError", () => Effect.undefined),
             )
             if (!rules) continue
-            if (denied(item.request, rules)) continue
+            const asserted = { ...item.request, resourceMode: item.resourceMode }
+            if (denied(asserted, rules)) continue
             const effective = [...rules, ...rememberedRules]
             if (
-              !item.request.resources.every(
-                (resource) => evaluate(item.request.action, resource, effective).effect === "allow",
-              )
+              !item.request.resources.every((resource) => evaluated(asserted, resource, effective).effect === "allow")
             )
               continue
             yield* bus.publish(Permission.Event.Replied, {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/shell/parse.ts b/packages/core/src/shell/parse.ts
index bfc0b047ec96..786262ddefa2 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/shell/parse.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/shell/parse.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ export * as ShellParse from "./parse.js"
 
 import { Effect } from "effect"
 import { fileURLToPath } from "url"
-import os from "os"
 import path from "path"
 import type { Node } from "web-tree-sitter"
 import { shellParserWasm } from "#shell-parser-wasm"
@@ -10,8 +9,16 @@ import { ShellSelect } from "./select.js"
 
 type Part = { type: string; text: string }
 type SourceToken = { raw: string; value: string }
-const CWD = new Set(["cd", "chdir", "popd", "pushd", "push-location", "set-location"])
+const CWD = new Set(["cd", "chdir", "popd", "pushd", "sl", "pop-location", "push-location", "set-location"])
 const POWERSHELL_PATH_FLAGS = new Set(["-literalpath", "-path"])
+const PORTABLE_BASH_SHELLS = new Set(["bash", "dash", "ksh", "sh"])
+
+export type Result = {
+  commands: Array<{ resource: string; save: string }>
+  directories: string[]
+  analysis: "complete" | "opaque"
+  directoryUnknown: boolean
+}
 
 const ARITY: Record<string, number> = {
   cat: 1,
@@ -157,9 +164,10 @@ export const scan = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
   command: string,
   shell: string,
   cwd: string,
-  options?: { portable?: boolean },
+  options?: { portable?: boolean; env?: Record<string, string | undefined> },
 ) {
-  if (options?.portable) return yield* Effect.promise(() => scanPortable(command, shell, cwd))
+  if (options?.portable)
+    return yield* Effect.promise(() => scanPortable(command, shell, cwd, options.env ?? process.env))
   return yield* scanLegacy(command, shell, cwd)
 })
 
@@ -169,7 +177,7 @@ const scanLegacy = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (command: string, shell: string,
   const tree = (powershell ? parsers.ps : parsers.bash).parse(command)
   if (!tree) return yield* Effect.fail(new Error("Failed to parse shell command"))
 
-  return yield* Effect.acquireUseRelease(
+  const result = yield* Effect.acquireUseRelease(
     Effect.succeed(tree),
     (tree) =>
       Effect.sync(() =>
@@ -195,15 +203,34 @@ const scanLegacy = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (command: string, shell: string,
       ),
     (tree) => Effect.sync(() => tree.delete()),
   )
+  return { ...result, analysis: "complete" as const, directoryUnknown: false }
 })
 
-async function scanPortable(command: string, shell: string, cwd: string) {
-  const { ShellScan } = await import("./scan.js")
+async function scanPortable(
+  command: string,
+  shell: string,
+  cwd: string,
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined>,
+): Promise<Result> {
   const powershell = ShellSelect.ps(shell)
+  const shellName = ShellSelect.name(shell)
+  if ((!powershell && !PORTABLE_BASH_SHELLS.has(shellName)) || shellStartupUnknown(shellName, env))
+    return {
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque" as const,
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    }
+
+  const { ShellScan } = await import("./scan.js")
   const result = powershell ? ShellScan.scanPowerShell(command) : ShellScan.scan(command)
-  if (result.kind === "opaque") return { commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }], directories: [] }
-  const carriage = powershell ? command.search(/\r(?!\n)/) : -1
-  if (carriage >= 0) return { commands: [], directories: [] }
+  if (result.kind === "opaque")
+    return {
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque" as const,
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    }
 
   const parsed = result.commands.reduce(
     (output, item) => {
@@ -215,7 +242,7 @@ async function scanPortable(command: string, shell: string, cwd: string) {
           : index
       if (index >= 0) output.cursor = index + item.resource.length
       const before = command.slice(0, Math.max(0, offset))
-      const name = powershell ? item.words[0]?.toLowerCase() : item.words[0]
+      const name = powershell ? powerShellCommandName(item.words[0]) : item.words[0]
       if (!name) return output
       if (powershell && name === "<") return output
       if (
@@ -226,9 +253,13 @@ async function scanPortable(command: string, shell: string, cwd: string) {
       )
         return output
       const tokens = powershell ? powerShellSourceTokens(item.resource) : sourceTokens(item.resource)
-      const sourceHead = powershell ? item.words[0] : tokens.find((token) => token.value === item.words[0])?.raw
-      if (CWD.has(name) && (powershell || sourceHead === item.words[0])) {
-        output.directories.push(...portableDirectoryArgs(item.words, tokens, powershell, cwd, shell))
+      const location = directoryCommand(item.words, powershell)
+      if (location) {
+        output.opaque ||= /[<>]/.test(item.resource)
+        const directory = portableDirectoryArgs(location.words, tokens, powershell, cwd, shell, env, location.name)
+        output.directories.push(...directory.values)
+        output.directoryUnknown ||= directory.unknown || location.wrapped
+        output.directoryChanges++
         return output
       }
       const save = powershell ? powerShellSourcePrefix(tokens, item.words) : bashSourcePrefix(tokens, item.words)
@@ -241,10 +272,27 @@ async function scanPortable(command: string, shell: string, cwd: string) {
     {
       commands: [] as Array<{ resource: string; save: string }>,
       directories: [] as string[],
+      directoryUnknown: false,
+      directoryChanges: 0,
+      opaque: false,
       cursor: 0,
     },
   )
-  return { commands: parsed.commands, directories: parsed.directories }
+  const changesDirectoryEnvironment =
+    parsed.directoryChanges > 0 && result.commands.some((item) => mutatesDirectoryEnvironment(item.words, powershell))
+  if (parsed.opaque)
+    return {
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque" as const,
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    }
+  return {
+    commands: parsed.commands,
+    directories: parsed.directories,
+    analysis: "complete" as const,
+    directoryUnknown: parsed.directoryUnknown || parsed.directoryChanges > 1 || changesDirectoryEnvironment,
+  }
 }
 
 function bashResource(resource: string, before: string) {
@@ -333,37 +381,125 @@ function portableDirectoryArgs(
   powershell: boolean,
   cwd: string,
   shell: string,
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined>,
+  name: string,
 ) {
+  if (["popd", "pushd", "pop-location", "push-location"].includes(name)) return { values: [], unknown: true }
   if (!powershell) {
     const start = tokens.findIndex((token) => token.value === command[0])
-    if (start < 0) return []
-    return directoryArgs(
-      tokens.slice(start).map((token) => ({ type: "word", text: token.raw })),
-      false,
-      cwd,
-      shell,
+    if (start < 0) return { values: [], unknown: true }
+    const tokensAfterCommand = tokens.slice(start + 1)
+    const endOfOptions = tokensAfterCommand.findIndex((token) => token.value === "--")
+    const args = tokensAfterCommand.filter((token, index) =>
+      endOfOptions >= 0 ? index > endOfOptions : token.raw === "-" || !token.raw.startsWith("-"),
     )
+    if (args.length === 0) {
+      const home = environment(env, "HOME")
+      if (["cd", "chdir"].includes(name) && home) return { values: [home], unknown: start > 0 }
+      return { values: [], unknown: true }
+    }
+    const values = args.map((token) => directoryArgument(token.value, false, cwd, shell, env))
+    return {
+      values: values.filter((value) => value !== undefined),
+      unknown:
+        start > 0 ||
+        args.length > 1 ||
+        values.some((value) => value === undefined) ||
+        (Boolean(environment(env, "CDPATH")) &&
+          values.some((value) => value !== undefined && !path.isAbsolute(value) && !value.startsWith("~"))),
+    }
   }
 
   const start = tokens.findIndex((token) => token.value.toLowerCase() === command[0]?.toLowerCase())
-  if (start < 0) return []
+  if (start < 0) return { values: [], unknown: true }
   const directories: string[] = []
+  let unknown = false
   let expectsPath = false
+  let argumentsSeen = 0
   for (const part of tokens.slice(start + 1).map((token) => token.raw)) {
     if (expectsPath) {
-      const value = directoryArgument(part, true, cwd, shell)
+      const value = directoryArgument(part, true, cwd, shell, env)
       if (value) directories.push(value)
+      else unknown = true
+      argumentsSeen++
       expectsPath = false
       continue
     }
     if (part.startsWith("-")) {
+      const separator = part.indexOf(":")
+      if (separator > 0) {
+        const parameter = part.slice(1, separator).toLowerCase()
+        if (["literalpath", "path"].some((name) => name.startsWith(parameter))) {
+          const value = directoryArgument(part.slice(separator + 1), true, cwd, shell, env)
+          if (value) directories.push(value)
+          else unknown = true
+          argumentsSeen++
+          expectsPath = false
+          continue
+        }
+        unknown = true
+      }
       expectsPath = POWERSHELL_PATH_FLAGS.has(part.toLowerCase())
       continue
     }
-    const value = directoryArgument(part, true, cwd, shell)
+    const value = directoryArgument(part, true, cwd, shell, env)
     if (value) directories.push(value)
+    else unknown = true
+    argumentsSeen++
   }
-  return directories
+  if (expectsPath) unknown = true
+  if (argumentsSeen === 0) {
+    const home = environment(env, "HOME")
+    if (["cd", "chdir", "set-location", "sl"].includes(name) && home) directories.push(home)
+    else unknown = true
+  }
+  return { values: directories, unknown }
+}
+
+function directoryCommand(words: string[], powershell: boolean) {
+  const name = powershell ? powerShellCommandName(words[0]) : words[0]
+  if (CWD.has(name)) return { name, words, wrapped: false }
+  if (powershell || !["builtin", "command"].includes(name ?? "")) return
+  const index = words.findIndex((word, index) => index > 0 && !word.startsWith("-"))
+  const wrapped = words[index]
+  if (!CWD.has(wrapped)) return
+  return { name: wrapped, words: words.slice(index), wrapped: true }
+}
+
+function mutatesDirectoryEnvironment(words: string[], powershell: boolean): boolean {
+  const powerShellName = powershell ? powerShellCommandName(words[0]) : undefined
+  if (powershell)
+    return (
+      ["clear-item", "move-item", "new-item", "remove-item", "rename-item", "set-item"].includes(
+        powerShellName ?? "",
+      ) &&
+      words.slice(1).some((word) => /^env:/i.test(word))
+    )
+
+  let index = 0
+  while (["builtin", "command"].includes(words[index] ?? "")) {
+    const name = words[index]
+    const start = words.findIndex((word, offset) => offset > index && !word.startsWith("-"))
+    if (name === "command" && words.some((option, offset) => offset > index && offset < start && /[vV]/.test(option)))
+      return false
+    if (start < 0) return false
+    index = start
+  }
+
+  const name = words[index]
+  const variable = (word: string | undefined) => /^(?:CDPATH|HOME)(?:\+?=|$)/.test(word ?? "")
+  if (["declare", "export", "local", "read", "readonly", "typeset", "unset"].includes(name ?? ""))
+    return words.some((word, offset) => offset > index && variable(word))
+  const target =
+    name === "printf" ? words[words.findIndex((word, offset) => offset > index && word === "-v") + 1] : undefined
+  return variable(target)
+}
+
+function shellStartupUnknown(shell: string, env: Record<string, string | undefined>) {
+  if (shell === "bash")
+    return Boolean(environment(env, "BASH_ENV")) || Object.keys(env).some((key) => key.startsWith("BASH_FUNC_"))
+  if (shell === "ksh") return Boolean(environment(env, "ENV"))
+  return false
 }
 
 function sourceTokens(resource: string) {
@@ -426,12 +562,7 @@ function sourceTokens(resource: string) {
     }
     if (char === "\\" && index + 1 < resource.length) {
       if (resource[index + 1] === "\n") {
-        finish()
-        index++
-        continue
-      }
-      if (!raw && /\s/.test(resource[index + 1])) {
-        index++
+        raw += char + resource[++index]
         continue
       }
       raw += char + resource[++index]
@@ -651,37 +782,56 @@ function directoryArgs(command: Part[], powershell: boolean, cwd: string, shell:
   return directories
 }
 
-function directoryArgument(value: string, powershell: boolean, cwd: string, shell: string) {
+function directoryArgument(
+  value: string,
+  powershell: boolean,
+  cwd: string,
+  shell: string,
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined> = process.env,
+) {
   const quote = value[0]
   const text = (quote === '"' || quote === "'") && value.at(-1) === quote ? value.slice(1, -1) : value
-  if (!powershell) return expandKnownDirectory(text)
+  if (!powershell) return expandKnownDirectory(text, env)
 
   // PowerShell exposes environment variables through $env:NAME and provides these
   // automatic directory variables. Expand only values we can determine without executing code.
   return expandKnownDirectory(
     text
-      .replace(/\$\{env:([^}]+)\}/gi, (_, key: string) => environment(key) ?? "")
-      .replace(/\$env:([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)/gi, (_, key: string) => environment(key) ?? "")
+      .replace(/\$\{env:([^}]+)\}/gi, (_, key: string) => environment(env, key) ?? "")
+      .replace(/\$env:([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)/gi, (_, key: string) => environment(env, key) ?? "")
       .replace(/\$(HOME|PWD|PSHOME)(?=$|[\\/])/gi, (_, key: string) => {
-        if (key.toUpperCase() === "HOME") return os.homedir()
+        if (key.toUpperCase() === "HOME") return environment(env, "HOME") ?? ""
         if (key.toUpperCase() === "PWD") return cwd
         return path.dirname(shell)
       }),
+    env,
   )
 }
 
-function expandKnownDirectory(value: string) {
+function expandKnownDirectory(value: string, env: Record<string, string | undefined> = process.env) {
   // Unknown shell expressions cannot be resolved safely during permission analysis.
-  if (value.includes("$") || value.includes("`") || value.startsWith("(")) return
-  if (value === "~") return os.homedir()
-  if (value.startsWith("~/") || value.startsWith("~\\")) return path.join(os.homedir(), value.slice(2))
+  if (value.includes("$") || value.includes("`") || value.startsWith("(") || value === "-") return
+  if (value === "~") return environment(env, "HOME")
+  if (value.startsWith("~/") || value.startsWith("~\\")) {
+    const home = environment(env, "HOME")
+    return home ? path.join(home, value.slice(2)) : undefined
+  }
+  if (value.startsWith("~")) return
   return value
 }
 
-function environment(key: string) {
-  if (process.platform !== "win32") return process.env[key]
-  const name = Object.keys(process.env).find((item) => item.toLowerCase() === key.toLowerCase())
-  return name ? process.env[name] : undefined
+function environment(env: Record<string, string | undefined>, key: string) {
+  if (process.platform !== "win32") return env[key]
+  const name = Object.keys(env)
+    .filter((item) => item.toLowerCase() === key.toLowerCase())
+    .sort()[0]
+  return name ? env[name] : undefined
+}
+
+function powerShellCommandName(value: string | undefined) {
+  const name = (value ?? "").toLowerCase()
+  if (/^[a-z_][a-z0-9_.-]*\\[a-z_][a-z0-9_.-]*$/i.test(name)) return name.slice(name.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1)
+  return name
 }
 
 function prefix(tokens: string[]) {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/shell/scan.ts b/packages/core/src/shell/scan.ts
index 495518c6290b..c16781f6255c 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/shell/scan.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/shell/scan.ts
@@ -33,8 +33,18 @@ const BASH_COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = new Set([
   "do",
   "done",
   "coproc",
+  "time",
+])
+const POWERSHELL_LOCATIONS = new Set([
+  "set-location",
+  "cd",
+  "chdir",
+  "sl",
+  "push-location",
+  "pushd",
+  "pop-location",
+  "popd",
 ])
-const POWERSHELL_LOCATIONS = new Set(["set-location", "cd", "chdir", "sl", "push-location", "pushd"])
 const BASH_REDIRECTS = ["&>>", "&>", "<<<", "<<-", "<<", "<>", "<&", ">&", ">|", ">>", ">", "<"]
 const MAX_BASH_INPUT_LENGTH = 64 * 1024
 const MAX_SUBSTITUTION_DEPTH = 32
@@ -55,7 +65,8 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
     const separator = /^(?:&&|\|\||\|&|[;&|])/.exec(suffix)?.[0]
     const remaining = separator ? suffix.slice(separator.length).trim() : suffix
     if (separator && !remaining) return nested
-    const prefixed = separator ? remaining : /^[<>]/.test(remaining) ? `: ${remaining}` : undefined
+    if (!separator && /^[<>]/.test(remaining)) return { kind: "opaque", reason: "invalid-structure" }
+    const prefixed = separator ? remaining : undefined
     if (!prefixed) return { kind: "opaque", reason: "compound-command" }
     const rest = scanBash(prefixed, depth + 1)
     if (rest.kind === "opaque") return rest
@@ -68,8 +79,10 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
   const nestedCommands: Array<{ resource: string; words: string[] }> = []
   const words: string[] = []
   const assignmentWords: boolean[] = []
+  const quotedWords: boolean[] = []
   let word = ""
   let wordStarted = false
+  let wordQuoted = false
   let assignmentWord = false
   let assignmentHeadUnsafe = false
   let segment = 0
@@ -83,16 +96,19 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
   let redirectTarget = false
   let hasRedirect = false
   let terminalBackground = false
+  let parameterExpansion = 0
 
   const finishWord = () => {
     if (!wordStarted) return
     if (!redirectTarget) {
       words.push(word)
       assignmentWords.push(assignmentWord)
+      quotedWords.push(wordQuoted)
     }
     redirectTarget = false
     word = ""
     wordStarted = false
+    wordQuoted = false
     assignmentWord = false
     assignmentHeadUnsafe = false
   }
@@ -101,16 +117,20 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
     const resource = input.slice(segment, end).trim()
     const name = assignmentWords.findIndex((assignment) => !assignment)
     if (name >= 0 && /[*?[]/.test(words[name])) compound = true
+    if (name >= 0 && quotedWords[name] && BASH_COMPOUND_KEYWORDS.has(words[name] ?? "")) invalidStructure = true
     if (resource && name >= 0)
       commands.push({
         resource,
         words: words.slice(name),
       })
-    else if (!(assignmentWords.length > 0 && assignmentWords.every(Boolean)) && (hasRedirect || boundary || separated))
-      invalidStructure = true
+    else if (hasRedirect || boundary || separated) {
+      const assignmentOnly = assignmentWords.length > 0 && assignmentWords.every(Boolean)
+      if (!assignmentOnly || hasRedirect || boundary) invalidStructure = true
+    }
     commands.push(...nestedCommands.splice(0))
     words.length = 0
     assignmentWords.length = 0
+    quotedWords.length = 0
     separated = true
     hasRedirect = false
   }
@@ -132,6 +152,8 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
           index++
           if (next !== "\n") word += next
         } else word += char
+      } else if (char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "{" && bashParameterUnsafe(input, index)) {
+        return { kind: "opaque", reason: "dynamic-execution" }
       } else if ((char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "(") || char === "`") {
         const substitution = bashSubstitution(input, index)
         if (!substitution || depth >= MAX_SUBSTITUTION_DEPTH) return { kind: "opaque", reason: "command-substitution" }
@@ -152,12 +174,14 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
     if (char === "'") {
       quote = "single"
       wordStarted = true
+      wordQuoted = true
       if (!assignmentWord) assignmentHeadUnsafe = true
       continue
     }
     if (char === '"') {
       quote = "double"
       wordStarted = true
+      wordQuoted = true
       if (!assignmentWord) assignmentHeadUnsafe = true
       continue
     }
@@ -166,6 +190,7 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
       wordStarted = true
       if (input[index + 1] === "\n") index++
       else {
+        wordQuoted = true
         if (!assignmentWord) assignmentHeadUnsafe = true
         word += input[++index]
       }
@@ -182,6 +207,8 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
       index = substitution.end
       continue
     }
+    if (char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "{" && bashParameterUnsafe(input, index))
+      return { kind: "opaque", reason: "dynamic-execution" }
     if ((char === "<" || char === ">") && input[index + 1] === "(") {
       const substitution = bashParenthesized(input, index + 1)
       if (!substitution || depth >= MAX_SUBSTITUTION_DEPTH) return { kind: "opaque", reason: "command-substitution" }
@@ -222,7 +249,12 @@ function scanBash(input: string, depth: number): Result {
       index += redirect.length - 1
       continue
     }
-    if ("()".includes(char) || (char === "!" && !wordStarted)) compound = true
+    const emptyBrace = (char === "{" && input[index + 1] === "}") || (char === "}" && input[index - 1] === "{")
+    if (!emptyBrace) {
+      if (char === "{" && input[index - 1] === "$") parameterExpansion++
+      else if (char === "}" && parameterExpansion > 0) parameterExpansion--
+      else if ("(){}".includes(char) || (char === "!" && !wordStarted)) compound = true
+    }
     if (/\s/.test(char) && char !== "\n") {
       finishWord()
       continue
@@ -285,10 +317,10 @@ function bashConditionalCommands(commands: Array<{ resource: string; words: stri
       continue
     }
     const offset = command.resource.indexOf(keyword!) + keyword!.length
+    const trailing = command.resource.slice(offset).trim()
     const inline =
-      command.words.length > 1
-        ? { resource: command.resource.slice(offset).trim(), words: command.words.slice(1) }
-        : undefined
+      command.words.length > 1 ? { resource: trailing, words: command.words.slice(1) } : undefined
+    if (!inline && trailing) return
     if (index === 0) {
       if (inline) normalized.push(inline)
       hasCommand = Boolean(inline)
@@ -400,6 +432,7 @@ function bashSubstitution(input: string, start: number) {
   let level = 1
   for (let index = start + 2; index < input.length; index++) {
     const char = input[index]
+    if (char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "{") return
     if (quote === "single") {
       if (char === "'") quote = undefined
       continue
@@ -436,6 +469,25 @@ function bashSubstitution(input: string, start: number) {
   }
 }
 
+function bashParameterUnsafe(input: string, start: number) {
+  for (let index = start + 2; index < input.length; index++) {
+    const char = input[index]
+    if (char === "\\") {
+      index++
+      continue
+    }
+    if (char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "{") return true
+    if (char !== "}") continue
+    const body = input.slice(start + 2, index)
+    if (/^[\s|!]/.test(body) || body.includes("[")) return true
+    const parameter = /^#?(?:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*|[0-9]+|[-#$?*@])/.exec(body)?.[0]
+    if (!parameter) return true
+    const operator = body.slice(parameter.length)
+    return operator.startsWith(":") && !/^:[-=?+]/.test(operator)
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
 export function scanPowerShell(input: string): Result {
   return scanPowerShellNested(input, 0)
 }
@@ -443,6 +495,7 @@ export function scanPowerShell(input: string): Result {
 function scanPowerShellNested(input: string, depth: number): Result {
   if (input.length > MAX_BASH_INPUT_LENGTH || depth >= MAX_SUBSTITUTION_DEPTH)
     return { kind: "opaque", reason: "invalid-structure" }
+  if (/[‘’“”]/.test(input)) return { kind: "opaque", reason: "invalid-structure" }
   const commands: Array<{ resource: string; words: string[] }> = []
   const nestedCommands: Array<{ resource: string; words: string[] }> = []
   const words: string[] = []
@@ -482,7 +535,7 @@ function scanPowerShellNested(input: string, depth: number): Result {
         word += "'"
         index++
       } else if ((quote === "single" && char === "'") || (quote === "double" && char === '"')) quote = undefined
-      else if (char === "`" && index + 1 < input.length) word += input[++index]
+      else if (quote === "double" && char === "`" && index + 1 < input.length) word += input[++index]
       else {
         if (quote === "double" && char === "$" && input[index + 1] === "(") dynamic = true
         word += char
@@ -636,6 +689,8 @@ function powerShellOpaqueReason(command: Command): OpaqueReason | undefined {
     return "dynamic-execution"
 
   const name = shellCommandName(head)
+  if (["import-alias", "ipal", "new-alias", "nal", "sal", "set-alias"].includes(name)) return "dynamic-execution"
+  if (command.words.some((word) => /^alias:/i.test(word))) return "dynamic-execution"
   if (["return", "throw", "exit", "break", "continue"].includes(name) && command.words.length > 1)
     return "dynamic-execution"
   if (!POWERSHELL_LOCATIONS.has(name)) return
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tool/plugin/shell.ts b/packages/core/src/tool/plugin/shell.ts
index 1d91c8e58b0c..be8105c0f82b 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tool/plugin/shell.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tool/plugin/shell.ts
@@ -208,33 +208,47 @@ export const Plugin = {
                         Config.latest(yield* config.entries(), "experimental")?.portable_shell_scanner === true
                       const parsed = yield* ShellParse.scan(invocation.command, invocation.shell, target.absolute, {
                         portable,
+                        env: invocation.env,
                       })
-                      const directories = yield* Effect.forEach(parsed.directories, (directory) =>
-                        mutation.resolve({ path: path.resolve(target.absolute, directory), kind: "directory" }),
-                      )
-                      const external = [target, ...directories]
-                        .map((item) => item.externalDirectory)
-                        .filter((item) => item !== undefined)
-                        .filter(
-                          (item, index, items) =>
-                            items.findIndex((other) => other.resource === item.resource) === index,
-                        )
-                      if (external.length > 0)
+                      if (parsed.directoryUnknown)
                         yield* permission.assert({
                           action: "external_directory",
-                          resources: external.map((item) => item.resource),
-                          save: external.map((item) => item.save),
+                          resources: ["*"],
+                          save: [],
                           sessionID: context.sessionID,
                           agent: context.agent,
+                          resourceMode: "exact",
                           source,
                         })
+                      if (!parsed.directoryUnknown) {
+                        const directories = yield* Effect.forEach(parsed.directories, (directory) =>
+                          mutation.resolve({ path: path.resolve(target.absolute, directory), kind: "directory" }),
+                        )
+                        const external = [target, ...directories]
+                          .map((item) => item.externalDirectory)
+                          .filter((item) => item !== undefined)
+                          .filter(
+                            (item, index, items) =>
+                              items.findIndex((other) => other.resource === item.resource) === index,
+                          )
+                        if (external.length > 0)
+                          yield* permission.assert({
+                            action: "external_directory",
+                            resources: external.map((item) => item.resource),
+                            save: external.map((item) => item.save),
+                            sessionID: context.sessionID,
+                            agent: context.agent,
+                            source,
+                          })
+                      }
                       if (parsed.commands.length > 0)
                         yield* permission.assert({
                           action: name,
                           resources: parsed.commands.map((command) => command.resource),
-                          save: parsed.commands.map((command) => command.save),
+                          save: parsed.analysis === "opaque" ? [] : parsed.commands.map((command) => command.save),
                           sessionID: context.sessionID,
                           agent: context.agent,
+                          resourceMode: parsed.analysis === "opaque" ? "exact" : undefined,
                           source,
                         })
                     }
diff --git a/packages/core/test/permission.test.ts b/packages/core/test/permission.test.ts
index ac83bf7f28ec..7ad0846e91f6 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/permission.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/permission.test.ts
@@ -269,6 +269,107 @@ describe("Permission", () => {
     }),
   )
 
+  it.effect("does not apply scoped wildcard allows to exact resources", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* setup([
+        { action: "shell", resource: "*", effect: "ask" },
+        { action: "shell", resource: "echo *", effect: "allow" },
+      ])
+      const service = yield* Permission.Service
+      const resource = "echo ok; for x in 1; do touch /tmp/victim; done"
+
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(assertion({ action: "shell", resources: [resource], resourceMode: "wildcard" })),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "allow" })
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(
+          assertion({
+            id: Permission.ID.create("per_exact"),
+            action: "shell",
+            resources: [resource],
+            resourceMode: "exact",
+          }),
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "ask" })
+      expect(yield* service.get(Permission.ID.create("per_exact"))).not.toHaveProperty("resourceMode")
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.effect("conservatively applies scoped denies to exact resources", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* setup([
+        { action: "shell", resource: "*", effect: "allow" },
+        { action: "shell", resource: "touch *", effect: "deny" },
+      ])
+      const service = yield* Permission.Service
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(
+          assertion({
+            action: "shell",
+            resources: ["echo ok; for x in 1; do touch /tmp/victim; done"],
+            resourceMode: "exact",
+          }),
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "deny" })
+
+      yield* setRules([{ action: "shell", resource: "*", effect: "allow" }])
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(
+          assertion({
+            id: Permission.ID.create("per_unconditional"),
+            action: "shell",
+            resources: ["echo ok; for x in 1; do touch /tmp/victim; done"],
+            resourceMode: "exact",
+          }),
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "allow" })
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.effect("does not persist wildcard-shaped exact resources", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* setup([{ action: "shell", resource: "*", effect: "ask" }])
+      const service = yield* Permission.Service
+      yield* service.ask(assertion({ action: "shell", resources: ["*"], save: [], resourceMode: "exact" }))
+      yield* service.reply({ requestID: Permission.ID.create("per_test"), reply: "always" })
+
+      const saved = yield* PermissionSaved.Service
+      expect(yield* saved.list({ projectID: Project.ID.global })).toEqual([])
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.effect("conservatively applies external-directory denies to unknown locations", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* setup([
+        { action: "external_directory", resource: "*", effect: "ask" },
+        { action: "external_directory", resource: "/etc/*", effect: "deny" },
+      ])
+      const service = yield* Permission.Service
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(
+          assertion({ action: "external_directory", resources: ["*"], save: [], resourceMode: "exact" }),
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "deny" })
+    }),
+  )
+
+  it.effect("allows an exact resource after it is explicitly saved", () =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      yield* setup([
+        { action: "shell", resource: "*", effect: "ask" },
+        { action: "shell", resource: "echo *", effect: "allow" },
+      ])
+      const resource = "echo ok; for x in 1; do touch /tmp/victim; done"
+      const saved = yield* PermissionSaved.Service
+      yield* saved.add({ projectID: Project.ID.global, action: "shell", resources: [resource] })
+
+      const service = yield* Permission.Service
+      expect(
+        yield* service.ask(assertion({ action: "shell", resources: [resource], resourceMode: "exact" })),
+      ).toMatchObject({ effect: "allow" })
+    }),
+  )
+
   it.effect("resolves an asked permission once", () =>
     Effect.gen(function* () {
       yield* setup()
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shell-parse-parity.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shell-parse-parity.test.ts
index fd70e2ec7587..7b13bfe40ca2 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shell-parse-parity.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shell-parse-parity.test.ts
@@ -9,20 +9,36 @@ describe("ShellParse portable parity", () => {
       const scanned = shell === "pwsh" ? ShellScan.scanPowerShell(command) : ShellScan.scan(command)
       const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace", { portable: true }))
 
-      if (scanned.kind === "opaque") {
+      if (portable.analysis === "opaque") {
         expect({ command, portable }).toEqual({
           command,
-          portable: { commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }], directories: [] },
+          portable: {
+            commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+            directories: [],
+            analysis: "opaque",
+            directoryUnknown: true,
+          },
         })
         continue
       }
+      if (scanned.kind === "opaque") throw new Error(`Portable parse unexpectedly completed opaque input: ${command}`)
+
+      const legacy = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace"))
       if (shell === "pwsh" && /\r(?!\n)/.test(command)) {
-        expect(portable).toEqual({ commands: [], directories: [] })
+        expect(
+          portable.commands.length + portable.directories.length + Number(portable.directoryUnknown),
+          command,
+        ).toBeGreaterThan(0)
         continue
       }
-
-      const legacy = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace"))
-      expect({ command, portable }).toEqual({ command, portable: legacy })
+      expect({
+        command,
+        commandsCovered: portable.commands.every((item) =>
+          legacy.commands.some((candidate) => candidate.resource === item.resource),
+        ),
+      }).toEqual({ command, commandsCovered: true })
+      if (portable.commands.length !== legacy.commands.length)
+        expect(portable.directories.length + Number(portable.directoryUnknown), command).toBeGreaterThan(0)
     }
   })
 })
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shell-parse.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shell-parse.test.ts
index 4d9bf8d7795f..13852ee78843 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shell-parse.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shell-parse.test.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ describe("ShellParse", () => {
         { resource: "npm run test -- --watch", save: "npm run test *" },
       ],
       directories: [],
+      analysis: "complete",
+      directoryUnknown: false,
     })
   })
 
@@ -42,18 +44,210 @@ describe("ShellParse", () => {
   test("portable scanning authorizes opaque heredocs without inferring directories", async () => {
     const command = "cat <<'EOF'\nstatic body\nEOF"
     const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
-    expect(portable).toEqual({ commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }], directories: [] })
+    expect(portable).toEqual({
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque",
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    })
+  })
+
+  test.each(["FOO=bar > /tmp/victim", "echo ok; for x in 1; do touch /tmp/victim; done"])(
+    "marks effectful opaque Bash input as exact and directory-unknown: %s",
+    async (command) => {
+      const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+      expect(portable).toMatchObject({
+        analysis: "opaque",
+        directoryUnknown: true,
+        commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      })
+    },
+  )
+
+  test("keeps PowerShell carriage-return commands under authorization", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("Get-ChildItem\rRemove-Item victim", "pwsh", "C:\\workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.commands.map((command) => command.resource)).toEqual(["Get-ChildItem", "Remove-Item victim"])
   })
 
-  test.each(['c"\\d" relative', "'cd' /tmp", "c''d /tmp", "c\\\nd /tmp"])(
-    "portable scanning keeps source-shaped command heads under shell authorization: %s",
+  test.each(["fish", "nu", "cmd.exe", "/custom/shell"])(
+    "fails closed for unsupported shell families: %s",
+    async (shell) => {
+      const command = "echo (/usr/bin/touch /tmp/victim)"
+      const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+      expect(portable).toMatchObject({
+        analysis: "opaque",
+        directoryUnknown: true,
+        commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      })
+    },
+  )
+
+  test.each(['target=/etc; cd "$target"; pwd', "cd -; pwd", "pushd; pwd"])(
+    "preserves uncertainty for unresolved directory changes: %s",
     async (command) => {
       const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
-      expect(portable.commands.map((item) => item.resource)).toEqual([command])
-      expect(portable.directories).toEqual([])
+      expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(true)
     },
   )
 
+  test("resolves a zero-argument cd from the invocation environment", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("cd; pwd", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true, env: { HOME: "/session-home" } }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["/session-home"])
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test.each(["'cd' /tmp", "c''d /tmp"])("recognizes quoted directory commands: %s", async (command) => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+    expect(portable.commands).toEqual([])
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["/tmp"])
+  })
+
+  test("recognizes a line-spliced directory command", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("c\\\nd /tmp", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.commands).toEqual([])
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["/tmp"])
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test("resolves line splices inside directory operands", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("cd before\\\nafter", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["beforeafter"])
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test.each(["command cd /tmp", "builtin cd /tmp"])(
+    "keeps wrapped Bash directory commands uncertain: %s",
+    async (command) => {
+      const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+      expect(portable.commands).toEqual([])
+      expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(true)
+    },
+  )
+
+  test("keeps redirected directory changes under exact shell authorization", async () => {
+    const command = "cd . > victim"
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+    expect(portable).toEqual({
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque",
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    })
+  })
+
+  test("does not widen saved permissions across line splices", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("rm\\\necho harmless", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.commands).toEqual([{ resource: "rm\\\necho harmless", save: "rm\\\necho *" }])
+  })
+
+  test("does not widen saved permissions across escaped leading whitespace", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("\\ rm harmless", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.commands).toEqual([{ resource: "\\ rm harmless", save: "\\ rm *" }])
+  })
+
+  test("keeps a genuinely different quoted command under shell authorization", async () => {
+    const command = 'c"\\d" relative'
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }))
+    expect(portable.commands.map((item) => item.resource)).toEqual([command])
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  test.each(["sl C:\\outside", "Microsoft.PowerShell.Management\\Set-Location C:\\outside"])(
+    "recognizes PowerShell location aliases and module-qualified commands: %s",
+    async (command) => {
+      const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, "pwsh", "C:\\workspace", { portable: true }))
+      expect(portable.commands).toEqual([])
+      expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["C:\\outside"])
+    },
+  )
+
+  test("extracts colon-separated PowerShell path parameters", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("Set-Location -LiteralPath:/etc", "pwsh", "C:\\workspace", {
+        portable: true,
+        env: { HOME: "C:\\workspace" },
+      }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.commands).toEqual([])
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["/etc"])
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test("keeps leading-hyphen Bash directory operands", async () => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("cd -- -/../../../etc; cat passwd", "/bin/bash", "/tmp/project", {
+        portable: true,
+        env: { HOME: "/tmp/project" },
+      }),
+    )
+    expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["-/../../../etc"])
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test("keeps session CDPATH and sequential directory changes uncertain", async () => {
+    const cdpath = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("cd foo; pwd", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", {
+        portable: true,
+        env: { HOME: "/home/test", CDPATH: "/outside" },
+      }),
+    )
+    expect(cdpath.directoryUnknown).toBe(true)
+
+    const sequential = await Effect.runPromise(
+      ShellParse.scan("cd deep; cd ../../denied; pwd", "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true }),
+    )
+    expect(sequential.directoryUnknown).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test.each([
+    ["export H''OME=/etc; cd; cat passwd", "/bin/bash", { HOME: "/workspace" }],
+    ["builtin export H''OME=/etc; cd; cat passwd", "/bin/bash", { HOME: "/workspace" }],
+    ["command export H''OME=/etc; cd; cat passwd", "/bin/bash", { HOME: "/workspace" }],
+    ["command builtin export H''OME=/etc; cd; cat passwd", "/bin/bash", { HOME: "/workspace" }],
+    ["Set-Item Env:T /etc; Set-Location $env:T; Get-Content passwd", "pwsh", { HOME: "/workspace", T: "/workspace" }],
+  ] as const)("keeps same-invocation directory environment mutation uncertain: %s", async (command, shell, env) => {
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace", { portable: true, env }))
+    expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test.each(["command -v export HOME=/etc; cd", "command -V export HOME=/etc; cd"])(
+    "keeps query-only Bash wrappers statically resolved: %s",
+    async (command) => {
+      const portable = await Effect.runPromise(
+        ShellParse.scan(command, "/bin/bash", "/workspace", { portable: true, env: { HOME: "/workspace" } }),
+      )
+      expect(portable.directories).toEqual(["/workspace"])
+      expect(portable.directoryUnknown).toBe(false)
+    },
+  )
+
+  test.each([
+    ["/bin/bash", { HOME: "/workspace", BASH_ENV: "/tmp/hook" }],
+    ["/bin/zsh", { HOME: "/tmp/hooks" }],
+    ["/bin/ksh", { HOME: "/workspace", ENV: "/tmp/hook" }],
+  ] as const)("fails closed for shell startup hooks: %s", async (shell, env) => {
+    const command = "echo safe"
+    const portable = await Effect.runPromise(ShellParse.scan(command, shell, "/workspace", { portable: true, env }))
+    expect(portable).toEqual({
+      commands: [{ resource: command, save: command }],
+      directories: [],
+      analysis: "opaque",
+      directoryUnknown: true,
+    })
+  })
+
   test("splits PowerShell commands case-insensitively", async () => {
     const result = await Effect.runPromise(
       ShellParse.scan(
@@ -73,6 +267,8 @@ describe("ShellParse", () => {
     expect(result).toEqual({
       commands: [{ resource: "git status", save: "git status *" }],
       directories: ["src dir"],
+      analysis: "complete",
+      directoryUnknown: false,
     })
   })
 
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/adversarial.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/adversarial.test.ts
index b03b7b2543ec..9fda3f7099f2 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/adversarial.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/adversarial.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ describe("ShellScan adversarial corpus", () => {
     ['FOO=bar BAR="x y" git status', ["git"]],
     ["git status && npm test || printf failed", ["git", "npm", "printf"]],
     [`printf '%s\\n' "$(rm -rf /)"`, ["printf", "rm"]],
-    ["echo ${arr[$(rm -rf /)]}", ["echo", "rm"]],
     ["cat <(printf secret)", ["cat", "printf"]],
     ["(git status)", ["git"]],
     ["{ git status; }", ["git"]],
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ describe("ShellScan adversarial corpus", () => {
     "echo $((1 + 2))",
     "f(){ rm -rf /; }; f",
     "! rm -rf /",
+    "echo ${arr[$(rm -rf /)]}",
   ])("keeps structurally uncertain Bash input opaque: %s", (input) => {
     expect(ShellScan.scan(input).kind).toBe("opaque")
   })
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/generated.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/generated.test.ts
index 2d1300a6a7b6..597f6e836b39 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/generated.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/generated.test.ts
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ describe("ShellScan generated properties", () => {
   test("keeps wrappers and shell evaluators at their delegated boundary", () => {
     const prefixes = ["", "FOO=bar ", "FOO=bar BAR=baz "]
     const wrapped = [
-      "time git status",
       "command git status",
       "builtin printf ok",
       "exec git status",
@@ -90,6 +89,7 @@ describe("ShellScan generated properties", () => {
 
     for (const prefix of prefixes) {
       for (const command of wrapped) expect(ShellScan.scan(prefix + command).kind).toBe("scanned")
+      expect(ShellScan.scan(`${prefix}time git status`).kind).toBe("opaque")
     }
   })
 })
diff --git a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/scan.test.ts b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/scan.test.ts
index 34d202614279..c31a0cfcc701 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/shell-scan/scan.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/shell-scan/scan.test.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,6 @@ describe("ShellScan", () => {
     ["(git status)", ["git"]],
     ["{ git status; }", ["git"]],
     ["{ rm -rf /; } &", ["rm"]],
-    ["{ rm -rf /; } >out", ["rm"]],
     ["{ rm -rf /; }; echo safe", ["rm", "echo"]],
     ["if true; then rm -rf /; else echo safe; fi", ["true", "rm", "echo"]],
     ["if true; then rm x; elif false; then echo y; else echo z; fi", ["true", "rm", "false", "echo", "echo"]],
@@ -186,6 +185,33 @@ describe("ShellScan", () => {
   test("does not invent a command for assignment-only input", () => {
     expect(ShellScan.scan("FOO=bar")).toEqual({ kind: "scanned", commands: [] })
   })
+
+  test("fails closed when assignment-only statements affect later commands", () => {
+    expect(ShellScan.scan("PATH=.; git status").kind).toBe("opaque")
+  })
+
+  test.each(["echo ${url:-http://example.test}", "printf '%s' \"${PATH//:/$'\\n'}\""])(
+    "keeps non-executing parameter expansions scannable: %s",
+    (command) => expect(ShellScan.scan(command).kind).toBe("scanned"),
+  )
+
+  test.each([
+    "FOO=bar > /tmp/victim",
+    ":; { touch /tmp/victim; }",
+    "t{ouch,ouch} /tmp/victim",
+    "{fd}>/tmp/log touch /tmp/victim",
+    "time touch /tmp/victim",
+    "printf '%s' \"$(printf safe ${x%)}; touch /tmp/victim)\"",
+    'echo "${ /usr/bin/touch /tmp/victim; }"',
+    "s=abc; x='a[$(touch /tmp/victim)0]'; printf '%s' \"${s:x}\"",
+    "ref='x[$(touch /tmp/victim)0]'; printf '%s' \"${!ref}\"",
+    `printf '%s' "${"${".repeat(1000)}x${"}".repeat(1000)}"`,
+    "{ echo safe; } > /tmp/victim",
+    "if true; then echo safe; fi > /tmp/victim",
+    "if true; then :; 'if' victim; fi",
+  ])("fails closed when Bash can execute an unreported side effect: %s", (command) => {
+    expect(ShellScan.scan(command).kind).toBe("opaque")
+  })
 })
 
 describe("ShellScan PowerShell", () => {
@@ -276,6 +302,17 @@ describe("ShellScan PowerShell", () => {
     })
   })
 
+  test("does not treat backticks as escapes in verbatim strings", () => {
+    const result = ShellScan.scanPowerShell("Write-Output 'safe`'; Remove-Item victim; '`'")
+    expect(result.kind).toBe("scanned")
+    if (result.kind === "opaque") return
+    expect(result.commands.map((command) => command.words[0])).toContain("Remove-Item")
+  })
+
+  test("fails closed for PowerShell smart quotes", () => {
+    expect(ShellScan.scanPowerShell("Write-Output 'safe’; Remove-Item victim; ‘tail'").kind).toBe("opaque")
+  })
+
   test("excludes PowerShell redirects and their targets from words", () => {
     expect(ShellScan.scanPowerShell("Get-Content in.txt > out.txt 2>&1 | Out-File all.log")).toEqual({
       kind: "scanned",
@@ -295,6 +332,10 @@ describe("ShellScan PowerShell", () => {
     "Get-ChildItem |",
     "Set-Location $target; git status",
     "Set-Location $(Resolve-Path ..); git status",
+    "Set-Alias jump Set-Location; jump /etc; Get-Content passwd",
+    "Set-Item alias:jump Set-Location; jump /etc; Get-Content passwd",
+    "Import-Alias ./aliases.csv; jump /etc; Get-Content passwd",
+    "ipal ./aliases.csv; jump /etc; Get-Content passwd",
   ])("returns opaque for dynamic PowerShell execution: %s", (command) => {
     expect(ShellScan.scanPowerShell(command).kind).toBe("opaque")
   })
diff --git a/packages/core/test/tool-shell.test.ts b/packages/core/test/tool-shell.test.ts
index a2576e9f9ce2..12c168c80b55 100644
--- a/packages/core/test/tool-shell.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/test/tool-shell.test.ts
@@ -542,14 +542,13 @@ describe("ShellTool", () => {
     { timeout: 15_000 },
   )
 
-  it.live("does not add external-directory permission for an experimental portable heredoc", () =>
+  it.live("fails closed for an experimental portable heredoc", () =>
     Effect.acquireUseRelease(
       Effect.promise(() => tmpdir()),
       (tmp) =>
         Effect.gen(function* () {
           if (isWindows) return
           reset()
-          denyAction = "external_directory"
           yield* Effect.promise(() =>
             Bun.write(
               path.join(tmp.path, "opencode.json"),
@@ -560,7 +559,9 @@ describe("ShellTool", () => {
             executeTool(registry, call({ command: "cat <<'EOF'\nhello\nEOF" }, "call-portable-heredoc")),
           )
           expect(settled.status).toBe("completed")
-          expect(assertions.map((item) => item.action)).toEqual(["shell"])
+          expect(assertions.map((item) => item.action)).toEqual(["external_directory", "shell"])
+          expect(assertions[0]).toMatchObject({ resources: ["*"], save: [], resourceMode: "exact" })
+          expect(assertions[1]).toMatchObject({ save: [], resourceMode: "exact" })
           expect(settled.content?.[0]).toMatchObject({ type: "text", text: "hello\n" })
         }),
       (tmp) => Effect.promise(() => tmp[Symbol.asyncDispose]().then(() => undefined)),
diff --git a/packages/www/content/docs/(Configure)/permissions.mdx b/packages/www/content/docs/(Configure)/permissions.mdx
index d8f41e345717..de241deb8173 100644
--- a/packages/www/content/docs/(Configure)/permissions.mdx
+++ b/packages/www/content/docs/(Configure)/permissions.mdx
@@ -141,8 +141,18 @@ permission scanner. The default remains the tree-sitter scanner.
 ```
 
 When enabled, the portable scanner is authoritative and tree-sitter is not
-consulted. Unsupported syntax, including heredocs, requests permission for the
-original shell command without inferring external directories.
+consulted. It analyzes Bash-compatible shells (`bash`, `dash`, `ksh`, and `sh`)
+and PowerShell. Other shells and unsupported syntax, including heredocs, are
+treated as opaque. `zsh` is opaque because it always loads `.zshenv`; shell
+startup-hook environments such as `BASH_ENV` and `ENV` are also opaque because
+they can execute code outside the submitted command.
+
+Opaque input requests permission for the complete original command. A scoped
+wildcard allow such as `echo *` cannot authorize opaque input; only an exact
+rule, a previously saved exact approval, or an unconditional action-wide allow
+can do so. Opaque prompts are one-time and cannot create a saved approval.
+Because opaque input may also hide a directory change, it requests unknown
+external-directory access without offering to save that broad access.
 
 ## Defaults