diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
index d858962d472..74ee0fc1c83 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
@@ -3811,6 +3811,22 @@ TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, DictionaryIndexBitwidthRoundtrip) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, DictionaryValueTypeRoundtrip) {
+  // GH-37875: the binary layout of dictionary values should be preserved
+  for (const auto& value_type : {::arrow::utf8(), ::arrow::large_utf8(),
+                                 ::arrow::binary(), ::arrow::large_binary()}) {
+    ARROW_SCOPED_TRACE("value_type = ", *value_type);
+    auto dict_type = ::arrow::dictionary(::arrow::int32(), value_type);
+    auto schema = ::arrow::schema({field("dictionary", dict_type)});
+    auto array = DictArrayFromJSON(dict_type, R"([0, 1, null, 0])", R"(["foo", "bar"])");
+    auto table = Table::Make(schema, {array});
+    auto arrow_writer_props =
+        parquet::ArrowWriterProperties::Builder().store_schema()->build();
+
+    CheckSimpleRoundtrip(table, table->num_rows(), arrow_writer_props);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TestArrowWrite, CheckChunkSize) {
   const int num_columns = 2;
   const int num_rows = 128;
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/schema.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/schema.cc
index bc4de6c39b5..d25a3f73a24 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/schema.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/schema.cc
@@ -1110,8 +1110,17 @@ Result<bool> ApplyOriginalStorageMetadata(const Field& origin_field,
     // so no need to recurse on value types.
     const auto& dict_origin_type =
         checked_cast<const ::arrow::DictionaryType&>(*origin_type);
+    auto value_type = inferred_type;
+    const auto& origin_value_type = dict_origin_type.value_type();
+    // Restore large dictionary values (GH-37875)
+    if ((origin_value_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::LARGE_STRING &&
+         inferred_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::STRING) ||
+        (origin_value_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::LARGE_BINARY &&
+         inferred_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::BINARY)) {
+      value_type = origin_value_type;
+    }
     inferred->field = inferred->field->WithType(::arrow::dictionary(
-        dict_origin_type.index_type(), inferred_type, dict_origin_type.ordered()));
+        dict_origin_type.index_type(), value_type, dict_origin_type.ordered()));
     modified = true;
   }