diff --git a/docs/_client/authorization.md b/docs/_client/authorization.md
index a673a198..30562ade 100644
--- a/docs/_client/authorization.md
+++ b/docs/_client/authorization.md
@@ -159,6 +159,27 @@ provider = MCP::Client::OAuth::Provider.new(
 )
 ```
 
+### Token endpoint errors
+
+When a token exchange or refresh fails, `MCP::Client::OAuth::Flow::AuthorizationError` includes the HTTP status and
+the authorization server's `error` and `error_description` from [RFC 6749 Section 5.2](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6749#section-5.2).
+For example:
+
+```text
+Token endpoint returned status 400. invalid_request: Client must not use multiple authentication methods
+```
+
+The exception exposes `http_status`, `error`, and `error_description` readers for structured diagnostics. Missing or non-string
+diagnostic fields are `nil`; non-JSON responses retain the status-only message. Other authorization failures have `nil` readers.
+An `invalid_grant` response still raises `Flow::InvalidGrantError`, a subclass of `Flow::AuthorizationError`, so refresh-token
+recovery behavior is unchanged.
+
+Diagnostic fields are limited to 128 characters for `error` and 512 for `error_description`, including a trailing `...` when
+truncated. Characters outside the RFC's printable ASCII set are replaced with spaces, and surrounding whitespace is removed.
+The SDK excludes all other response fields, including `error_uri`, and does not include the raw response body in these errors.
+Descriptions are provider-controlled text, not guaranteed to be free of sensitive information; apply your application's logging
+and redaction policy before persisting them or displaying them to users.
+
 ### Client Credentials Grant
 
 For a confidential machine-to-machine client (no user, no browser redirect), use `MCP::Client::OAuth::ClientCredentialsProvider` instead of `Provider`.
diff --git a/lib/mcp/client/oauth/flow.rb b/lib/mcp/client/oauth/flow.rb
index 5b4c0c1d..5d2e915f 100644
--- a/lib/mcp/client/oauth/flow.rb
+++ b/lib/mcp/client/oauth/flow.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,16 @@ module OAuth
       # `Provider`; this class consumes a Provider plus signal data extracted from
       # the failing response (resource_metadata URL, scope challenge).
       class Flow
-        class AuthorizationError < StandardError; end
+        class AuthorizationError < StandardError
+          attr_reader :http_status, :error, :error_description
+
+          def initialize(message = nil, http_status: nil, error: nil, error_description: nil)
+            super(message)
+            @http_status = http_status
+            @error = error
+            @error_description = error_description
+          end
+        end
 
         # Raised specifically when the token endpoint rejects a grant with
         # `error: "invalid_grant"` (RFC 6749 §5.2). Callers use this to
@@ -1062,11 +1071,7 @@ def post_to_token_endpoint(as_metadata:, client_info:, form:)
           end
 
           if response.status < 200 || response.status >= 300
-            if token_endpoint_error_code(response) == "invalid_grant"
-              raise InvalidGrantError, "Token endpoint rejected the grant: invalid_grant."
-            end
-
-            raise AuthorizationError, "Token endpoint returned status #{response.status}."
+            raise token_endpoint_error(response)
           end
 
           parsed = begin
@@ -1087,17 +1092,35 @@ def post_to_token_endpoint(as_metadata:, client_info:, form:)
           parsed
         end
 
-        # Extracts the `error` code from an RFC 6749 §5.2 error response body
-        # when one is parseable. Returns nil on any parse failure or when
-        # the body is not JSON.
-        def token_endpoint_error_code(response)
-          body = response_body_string(response).to_s
-          return if body.empty?
+        # Surface only RFC 6749 §5.2 diagnostic fields, never the raw response,
+        # which may contain tokens or other credentials. Classify the original
+        # code so sanitization cannot turn malformed input into invalid_grant.
+        def token_endpoint_error(response)
+          parsed = begin
+            JSON.parse(response_body_string(response))
+          rescue JSON::ParserError
+            nil
+          end
+          parsed = {} unless parsed.is_a?(Hash)
+
+          error_class = parsed["error"] == "invalid_grant" ? InvalidGrantError : AuthorizationError
+          error = token_endpoint_diagnostic(parsed["error"], limit: 128)
+          description = token_endpoint_diagnostic(parsed["error_description"], limit: 512)
+          message = "Token endpoint returned status #{response.status}."
+          message += " #{[error, description].compact.join(": ")}" if error || description
+
+          error_class.new(message, http_status: response.status, error: error, error_description: description)
+        end
+
+        def token_endpoint_diagnostic(value, limit:)
+          return unless value.is_a?(String)
 
-          parsed = JSON.parse(body)
-          parsed["error"] if parsed.is_a?(Hash)
-        rescue JSON::ParserError
-          nil
+          # RFC 6749 permits printable ASCII except double quotes and backslashes.
+          # Replace other characters to keep provider text on one log line.
+          value = value.gsub(/[^\x20-\x21\x23-\x5B\x5D-\x7E]/, " ").strip
+          return if value.empty?
+
+          value.length > limit ? "#{value[0, limit - 3]}..." : value
         end
 
         # Per RFC 6749 Section 2.3.1, the `client_id` and `client_secret` MUST be
diff --git a/test/mcp/client/oauth/flow_test.rb b/test/mcp/client/oauth/flow_test.rb
index 326dbd86..bd82fd3c 100644
--- a/test/mcp/client/oauth/flow_test.rb
+++ b/test/mcp/client/oauth/flow_test.rb
@@ -2731,7 +2731,123 @@ def test_refresh_raises_invalid_grant_error_when_token_endpoint_says_invalid_gra
           provider.save_client_information("client_id" => "test-client")
           provider.save_tokens("access_token" => "stale-at", "refresh_token" => "revoked-rt")
 
-          assert_raises(Flow::InvalidGrantError) do
+          error = assert_raises(Flow::InvalidGrantError) do
+            Flow.new(provider: provider).refresh!(server_url: @server_url, resource_metadata_url: @prm_url)
+          end
+          assert_equal(400, error.http_status)
+          assert_equal("invalid_grant", error.error)
+          assert_equal("refresh token expired", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400. invalid_grant: refresh token expired", error.message)
+        end
+
+        def test_token_exchange_preserves_oauth_diagnostics
+          stub_request(:post, "#{@auth_base}/token").to_return(
+            status: 400,
+            body: JSON.generate(
+              error: "invalid_request",
+              error_description: "Client must not use multiple authentication methods",
+              access_token: "do-not-log-access-token",
+              refresh_token: "do-not-log-refresh-token",
+              client_secret: "do-not-log-client-secret",
+              error_uri: "https://auth.example.com/error?secret=do-not-log",
+            ),
+          )
+
+          error = assert_raises(Flow::AuthorizationError) do
+            capture_authorization_scope(grant_types: ["authorization_code"])
+          end
+
+          assert_equal(400, error.http_status)
+          assert_equal("invalid_request", error.error)
+          assert_equal("Client must not use multiple authentication methods", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal(
+            "Token endpoint returned status 400. invalid_request: Client must not use multiple authentication methods",
+            error.message,
+          )
+        end
+
+        def test_refresh_preserves_oauth_diagnostics
+          error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(
+            JSON.generate(error: "invalid_client", error_description: "Client authentication failed"),
+            status: 401,
+          )
+
+          assert_instance_of(Flow::AuthorizationError, error)
+          assert_equal(401, error.http_status)
+          assert_equal("invalid_client", error.error)
+          assert_equal("Client authentication failed", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 401. invalid_client: Client authentication failed", error.message)
+        end
+
+        def test_token_endpoint_errors_fall_back_for_malformed_bodies
+          ["", "<html>secret</html>", "{broken", "null", "[]", '"secret"', "42"].each do |body|
+            error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(body)
+
+            assert_instance_of(Flow::AuthorizationError, error)
+            assert_equal(400, error.http_status)
+            assert_nil(error.error)
+            assert_nil(error.error_description)
+            assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400.", error.message)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_token_endpoint_errors_ignore_non_string_and_empty_fields
+          [nil, 42, true, [], { secret: "hidden" }, "", " \r\n\t"].each do |value|
+            error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(JSON.generate(error: value, error_description: value))
+
+            assert_nil(error.error)
+            assert_nil(error.error_description)
+            assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400.", error.message)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_token_endpoint_errors_preserve_optional_fields_independently
+          error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(JSON.generate(error: "provider_extension"))
+          assert_equal("provider_extension", error.error)
+          assert_nil(error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400. provider_extension", error.message)
+
+          error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(JSON.generate(error_description: "Details without a code"))
+          assert_nil(error.error)
+          assert_equal("Details without a code", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400. Details without a code", error.message)
+        end
+
+        def test_token_endpoint_errors_sanitize_without_changing_grant_classification
+          error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(
+            JSON.generate(error: "invalid_grant\n", error_description: "expired\r\n\t\e\u0000\"\\\u2028token"),
+          )
+
+          assert_instance_of(Flow::AuthorizationError, error)
+          assert_equal("invalid_grant", error.error)
+          assert_equal("expired        token", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400. invalid_grant: expired        token", error.message)
+        end
+
+        def test_token_endpoint_errors_bound_diagnostic_lengths
+          error = refresh_token_endpoint_error(JSON.generate(error: "e" * 200, error_description: "d" * 1000))
+
+          assert_equal("#{"e" * 125}...", error.error)
+          assert_equal("#{"d" * 509}...", error.error_description)
+          assert_equal("Token endpoint returned status 400. #{error.error}: #{error.error_description}", error.message)
+        end
+
+        def test_other_authorization_errors_have_no_token_endpoint_diagnostics
+          error = Flow::AuthorizationError.new("Discovery failed")
+
+          assert_equal("Discovery failed", error.message)
+          assert_nil(error.http_status)
+          assert_nil(error.error)
+          assert_nil(error.error_description)
+        end
+
+        def refresh_token_endpoint_error(body, status: 400)
+          stub_request(:post, "#{@auth_base}/token").to_return(status: status, body: body)
+          provider = ssrf_test_provider
+          provider.save_client_information("client_id" => "test-client")
+          provider.save_tokens("access_token" => "stale-at", "refresh_token" => "saved-rt")
+
+          assert_raises(Flow::AuthorizationError) do
             Flow.new(provider: provider).refresh!(server_url: @server_url, resource_metadata_url: @prm_url)
           end
         end