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Widen CGT taxpayer count bound for the 1.59.1 release - #631

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fix/cgt-taxpayer-count-bound
Oct 21, 2026
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MaxGhenis merged 2 commits into
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fix/cgt-taxpayer-count-bound

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@MaxGhenis MaxGhenis commented Oct 21, 2026 •

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Refs #630 for the calibration follow-up and restoration of the ±20% bound.

axiom: n/a: data test bound
Reproducer: policyengine_uk_data/tests/test_cgt_band_donors.py::test_built_cgt_taxpayer_count

Max ruled d1735 = A in the Budget coordinator session on 2026-10-20 (~22:20Z): widen the bound to cover the measured miss, disclose it, and publish.

The unseeded, 512-epoch 1.59.0 publish build (push 39320323369) measured 375k weighted CGT taxpayers against HMRC's 548k (ratio 0.68, −32%) and failed the ±20% test. All three release builds (that publish build and seeded #618 and #621) missed the count target in the 25–50% error band. Use its lower edge for unseeded publish variability (#598), with the two-sided ratio check 0.5 <= ratio <= 1.2; the upper bound stays at #571's level. #630 records the fit-band table and the investigation into why the combined 512-epoch calibration undershoots the taxpayer targets.

Release note for 1.59.1 (1.59.0's contents, which failed to publish, plus this bound): CGT taxpayers 375k against HMRC's 548k (−32%) in the 1.59.0 publish build; total gains passed its built-data bound in that build; CGT receipts improved in the seeded release fit summaries, from band 2 (25–50% off the OBR's March 2026 receipts forecast) on 1.58.2 to band 1 (10–25%).

The 630.fixed.md fragment will cut 1.59.1 on merge; 1.59.0's version commit remains unpublished. The hub will merge after CI, then push.yaml publishes the release.

Validation:

  • uv run pytest policyengine_uk_data/tests/test_cgt_band_donors.py -n 0 -q — passed: 7 passed, 6 skipped (local FRS/enhanced FRS datasets absent).
  • uvx ruff format --check . — passed (281 files already formatted).
  • Repository changelog-fragment check — passed (one fragment).
  • git diff --check — passed.

On the 0.5 floor. The hub's independent review (20261020-225457-ud631-review) would prefer 0.6 but calls 0.5 non-blocking. 0.5 is kept: all three release-candidate builds sat in the 25–50% band for this target, and unseeded publish builds vary (#598), so a tighter floor risks a second failed multi-hour publish before the 28 October Budget. #630 restores ±20%.

MaxGhenis and others added 2 commits October 20, 2026 22:43
The fit table's receipts row is obr/capital_gains_tax
(targets/source_manifests/obr_march_2026.yaml; targets/sources/obr.py).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@github-actions

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Calibration fit against the base build: pass

Targets within 10% (those both builds have) Base Head Change
National (647) 65.1% 64.6% -0.5pp
Local (11,228) 74.9% 75.0% +0.1pp

A drop of more than 2.0% fails.

National targets in a worse error band on the head (3)

Target Base Head
hmrc/self_employment_income_count_income_band_300_000_to_500_000 within 10% 10-25%
hmrc/self_employment_income_count_income_band_500_000_to_1_000_000 within 10% 10-25%
ons/scotland_age_70_79 within 10% 10-25%

Flags are for review: builds of the same code move 2 to 12 national targets to a worse band (#598). Bands are of |estimate / target - 1|; no target's estimate or error is published.

Workflow run

Income distribution and single ages against the base build: pass

HBAI FYE 2025 (DWP), period 2024: equivalised income in £ a week, rates and Gini in per cent. A value outside HBAI's 95% interval is marked (outside).

Measure Base Head HBAI 95% interval
median_bhc 678.78 (outside) 678.75 (outside) 719.48 703.57 to 735.58
median_ahc 584.51 (outside) 584.42 (outside) 623.14 605.21 to 637.07
mean_bhc 802.09 (outside) 802.11 (outside) 854.98 836.37 to 870.35
mean_ahc 693.36 (outside) 693.38 (outside) 749.82 732.33 to 764.50
gini_bhc 33.20 33.20 32.74 31.89 to 33.98
gini_ahc 38.46 (outside) 38.46 (outside) 36.78 35.90 to 38.29
relative_low_income_bhc_all 17.95 (outside) 17.95 (outside) 15.91 14.45 to 17.64
relative_low_income_bhc_children 23.20 23.22 20.52 17.36 to 23.96
relative_low_income_bhc_working_age 17.23 (outside) 17.23 (outside) 14.28 12.91 to 16.02
relative_low_income_bhc_pensioners 14.02 14.01 15.90 13.69 to 17.99
relative_low_income_ahc_all 23.12 (outside) 23.13 (outside) 19.64 17.99 to 21.27
relative_low_income_ahc_children 32.55 (outside) 32.57 (outside) 27.41 23.49 to 30.64
relative_low_income_ahc_working_age 22.85 (outside) 22.86 (outside) 18.58 17.01 to 20.34
relative_low_income_ahc_pensioners 12.37 12.36 13.87 11.62 to 15.90
Single ages against the ONS projection Base Head
Mean error, ages 0 to 79 11.0% 11.0%
Largest error, ages 0 to 79 44.1% 44.0%
Largest error, ages 15 to 19 37.7% 37.8%

Flags

None.

These measures report and flag but do not fail yet: their same-code spread is unmeasured (#598).

Aggregate impact of the data change: pass

Base dataset enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5 (the base's build, sha256 4b91dfb3626b) against head dataset enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5 (this pull request's build, sha256 8096bfb3a817), both measured with policyengine-uk 2.122.2, fiscal years 2025-26 to 2031-32. Each year is a full microsimulation run on each side.

Checks: 0 broken by this change, 4 failing on both sides, 0 fixed. Moves flagged for review: 7 (thresholds in report_spec.yaml; a flag does not fail the job).

Workflow run and full report

Notes

  • In the years a figure from fewer than 10 records is suppressed (spending.dfe_education_spending, spending.disabled_students_allowance, spending.sda), every total containing it, and the decile incomes, are rebuilt from their other components, so no published total includes it. Those totals are marked †. A change is withheld where the two sides leave out different figures and can't be lined up.

Moves flagged for review

Measure Year Base Head Change
Capital gains tax 2031-32 £30.93bn £31.05bn +£126.8m
Capital gains tax 2030-31 £29.84bn £29.96bn +£122.4m
Capital gains tax 2029-30 £28.78bn £28.90bn +£118.2m
Capital gains tax 2028-29 £27.82bn £27.93bn +£114.3m
Capital gains tax 2027-28 £26.86bn £26.97bn +£110.4m
Capital gains tax 2026-27 £25.90bn £26.01bn +£106.5m
Capital gains tax 2025-26 £25.06bn £25.16bn +£103.1m

Receipts by tax head

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Income tax +£34.1m +£32.5m +£36.7m +£34.8m +£36.6m +£37.1m +£39.7m
National Insurance (employee and self-employed) -£20.1m -£20.7m -£20.3m -£20.8m -£21.3m -£21.8m -£22.6m
National Insurance (employer) -£56.0m -£58.4m -£60.2m -£61.9m -£63.8m -£65.8m -£68.4m
Capital gains tax +£103.1m +£106.5m +£110.4m +£114.3m +£118.2m +£122.4m +£126.8m
Student loan repayments -£1.8m -£1.9m -£1.9m -£2.0m -£2.0m -£2.1m +£1.9m
VAT -£216.0m -£221.8m -£227.1m -£232.5m -£238.2m -£244.1m -£250.0m
Fuel duties +£261 +£379 -£156 -£45 -£153 -£824 +£91
TV licence fee -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.0m
Council tax -£12.7m -£13.6m -£14.5m -£15.5m -£16.6m -£17.8m -£17.8m
High value council tax surcharge 0 0 0 -£0.7m -£0.8m -£0.8m -£0.8m
Northern Ireland domestic rates +£0.2m +£0.3m +£0.3m +£0.3m +£0.3m +£0.3m +£0.3m
Business rates +£3,765 +£717 +£1,012 -£2,807 +£90 -£1,952 -£1,847
Stamp duty land tax (own purchases, and corporate until the -£46.6m -£48.9m -£51.4m -£53.8m -£56.5m -£59.4m -£62.4m
Land transaction tax (Wales) -£0.1m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m
Land and buildings transaction tax (Scotland) +£0.4m +£0.4m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m

Spending by benefit and service

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension +£9.9m +£9.1m +£40.4m +£9.6m +£9.9m +£10.2m +£10.5m
Pension Credit +£2.2m +£2.7m +£1.7m +£1.9m +£1.9m +£1.8m +£2.1m
Winter Fuel Payment -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.2m -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.1m
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) -£75,501 -£74,596 -£81,376 -£92,886 -£95,547 -£97,987 -£92,988
Universal Credit +£16.5m +£18.8m +£19.4m +£21.7m +£23.1m +£23.5m +£22.5m
Housing Benefit +£3.0m +£3.2m +£1.3m +£1.5m +£1.6m +£1.7m +£2.6m
Council Tax Reduction +£19,167 +£38,012 +£23,849 +£44,101 +£40,702 -£19,670 -£60,964
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) +£1.2m +£1.2m +£1.3m +£1.3m +£1.3m +£1.4m +£1.4m
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) +£6.9m +£7.1m +£7.3m +£7.5m +£7.7m +£7.9m +£8.0m
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) +£86,097 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) -£1.2m -£1.2m -£1.2m -£1.3m -£1.3m -£1.3m -£1.4m
Income Support -£0.6m 0 0 0 0 0 0
Personal Independence Payment +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.6m +£0.6m
Disability Living Allowance -£5.8m -£6.0m -£6.2m -£6.3m -£6.5m -£6.6m -£6.8m
Attendance Allowance +£13,301 +£13,866 +£14,268 +£14,626 +£14,965 +£15,329 +£15,697
Carer's Allowance +£6.2m +£6.5m +£6.6m +£6.8m +£7.0m +£7.1m +£7.3m
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.7m
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) 0 +£79,476 +£79,769 +£80,089 +£80,440 +£80,802 +£81,150
Severe Disablement Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit -£1.0m -£1.0m -£1.1m -£1.1m -£1.1m -£1.1m -£1.2m
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme +£0.2m +£0.2m +£0.2m +£0.2m +£0.2m +£0.2m +£0.2m
Child Benefit -£3.2m -£3.4m -£3.1m -£3.1m -£3.3m -£3.4m -£2.8m
Scottish Child Payment -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m +£42,166 +£43,203 +£89,734
Healthy Start vouchers +£70,224 +£70,491 +£70,751 +£71,034 +£71,346 +£71,667 +£71,976
Statutory Maternity Pay -£1.8m -£1.8m -£1.9m -£1.9m -£1.9m -£2.0m -£2.0m
Statutory Sick Pay -£1.2m -£1.2m -£1.3m -£1.3m -£1.3m -£1.4m -£1.4m
Sure Start Maternity Grant +£41,031 +£41,186 +£41,339 +£41,504 +£41,687 +£41,874 +£42,055
Bereavement Support Payment -£4.0m -£4.1m -£4.2m -£4.3m -£4.4m -£4.5m -£4.6m
Tax-Free Childcare +£68,307 +£0.1m +£0.1m +£0.1m +£65,004 +£50,550 +£37,767
Extended childcare entitlement -£1.4m -£1.5m -£1.6m -£1.6m -£1.7m -£1.6m -£1.3m
Universal childcare entitlement -£0.8m -£0.9m -£0.9m -£0.8m -£0.8m -£0.9m -£0.9m
Targeted childcare entitlement -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m
Parents' Learning Allowance -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.2m
Adult Dependants' Grant -£0.2m -£0.2m -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.1m
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
NHS spending -£26.3m -£26.4m -£26.5m -£26.6m -£26.7m -£26.9m -£27.0m
State education spending suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Transport subsidy spending +£104 +£123 +£104 +£112 +£120 +£96 -£295

Caseloads

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension +385 +279 +2.7k +319 +320 +321 +323
Pension Credit +639 +703 +404 +430 +420 +420 +419
Winter Fuel Payment -309 -387 -565 -439 -430 -375 -344
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) -172 -142 -162 -237 -238 -239 -240
Universal Credit +398 +380 +418 +553 +749 +723 +795
Housing Benefit +530 +531 +319 +321 +326 +327 +424
Council Tax Reduction -44 -35 -55 -29 -26 -72 -76
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) +81 +81 +81 +81 +82 +82 +82
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) +868 +871 +875 +878 +882 +886 +890
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) +61 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) -238 -239 -240 -241 -242 -243 -244
Income Support -95 0 0 0 0 0 0
Personal Independence Payment +310 +311 +312 +313 +315 +316 +317
Disability Living Allowance -842 -845 -848 -851 -855 -859 -863
Attendance Allowance +46 +46 +46 +46 +47 +47 +47
Carer's Allowance +1.4k +1.4k +1.4k +1.5k +1.5k +1.5k +1.5k
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) +130 +131 +131 +132 +132 +133 +133
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) 0 +131 +131 +132 +132 +133 +133
Severe Disablement Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit -284 -285 -286 -287 -288 -290 -291
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme +33 +33 +33 +33 +33 +34 +34
Child Benefit -3.5k -3.5k -3.2k -3.2k -3.3k -3.3k -3.0k
Scottish Child Payment -111 -114 -114 -115 +27 +27 +55
Healthy Start vouchers +143 +144 +145 +145 +146 +146 +147
Statutory Maternity Pay -442 -444 -445 -447 -449 -451 -453
Statutory Sick Pay -119 -119 -120 -120 -121 -121 -122
Sure Start Maternity Grant +82 +82 +83 +83 +83 +84 +84
Bereavement Support Payment -63 -63 -63 -63 -64 -64 -64
Tax-Free Childcare +28 +95 +159 +201 -5 +1 +38
Extended childcare entitlement -283 -268 -261 -265 -264 -248 -186
Universal childcare entitlement -236 -249 -249 -223 -221 -228 -235
Targeted childcare entitlement -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -29 -37
Parents' Learning Allowance -103 -103 -104 -104 -104 -105 -105
Adult Dependants' Grant -50 -50 -36 -36 -36 -36 -37
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Government balance, each component counted once

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Government receipts, each component once -£216.5m -£226.7m -£228.7m -£238.7m -£244.9m -£252.6m -£253.9m
Government spending -£0.7m † +£1.7m † +£30.8m † +£2.6m † +£4.3m † +£4.8m † +£5.9m †
Government balance, each receipt once -£215.8m † -£228.4m † -£259.5m † -£241.3m † -£249.2m † -£257.5m † -£259.9m †

Model totals

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
gov_tax -£216.5m -£226.7m -£228.7m -£238.7m -£244.9m -£252.6m -£253.9m
household_tax +£55.5m +£53.5m +£58.6m +£55.7m +£57.1m +£57.2m +£64.5m
pre_budget_change_household_tax +£57.3m +£55.4m +£60.5m +£58.5m +£59.9m +£60.1m +£63.4m
gov_spending -£0.7m † +£1.7m † +£30.8m † +£2.6m † +£4.3m † +£4.8m † +£5.9m †
household_benefits -£0.7m † +£1.7m † +£30.8m † +£2.6m † +£4.3m † +£4.8m † +£5.9m †
gov_balance -£215.8m † -£228.4m † -£259.5m † -£241.3m † -£249.2m † -£257.5m † -£259.9m †

Components the model counts twice

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
corporate_sdlt, counted again inside expected_sdlt +£374 +£81 +£76 -£308 -£14 -£219 -£166

Household income totals

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Household market income +£210.2m +£215.6m +£227.8m +£241.1m +£253.9m +£267.3m +£276.5m
Household net income +£178.6m † +£189.3m † +£226.3m † +£214.9m † +£229.4m † +£244.0m † +£248.3m †
Household net income (HBAI definition) suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Population

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
People -13.1k -13.1k -13.1k -13.2k -13.3k -13.3k -13.4k
Benefit units -4.7k -4.7k -4.7k -4.8k -4.8k -4.8k -4.8k
Households -4.2k -4.2k -4.2k -4.3k -4.3k -4.3k -4.3k

Poverty rates

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

People in poverty

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Inequality

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Gini coefficient, equivalised HBAI income before housing costs suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Mean household net income in each side's own deciles

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Decile 1: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 2: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 3: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 4: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 5: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 6: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 7: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 8: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 9: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 10: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Standard reform costings (change in gov_balance)

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp -£1.5m -£1.6m -£1.4m -£1.6m -£1.6m -£1.7m -£1.8m
Raise higher rate by 1pp -£1.2m -£1.4m -£1.5m -£1.5m -£1.6m -£1.7m -£1.8m
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year +£1.2m +£1.2m +£1.1m +£1.3m +£1.4m +£1.3m +£0.5m
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child -£0.7m -£0.9m -£0.8m -£0.8m -£0.7m -£0.6m -£0.6m
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20% +£10.5m +£10.7m +£10.9m +£10.0m +£10.0m +£10.3m +£9.9m
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10% -£4.8m -£4.2m -£4.0m -£4.9m -£5.0m -£5.2m -£5.4m
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp -£21.4m -£21.9m -£22.5m -£23.0m -£23.6m -£24.1m -£24.7m
Raise additional rate by 3pp +£3.6m +£3.8m +£3.9m +£4.0m +£4.3m +£4.4m +£4.5m
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10% -£22,913 -£0.1m -£0.1m -£0.2m -£0.3m -£0.2m -£0.3m
Raise the State Pension by 10% -£17,045 +£89,429 -£2.6m +£61,984 -£0.5m -£0.6m -£0.7m

Standard reforms: change in each reform's target

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp: change in income_tax -£1.6m -£1.7m -£1.5m -£1.7m -£1.7m -£1.8m -£1.8m
Raise higher rate by 1pp: change in income_tax -£1.2m -£1.4m -£1.5m -£1.5m -£1.6m -£1.7m -£1.8m
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year: change in income_tax +£1.2m +£1.2m +£1.1m +£1.3m +£1.4m +£1.4m +£0.5m
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child: change in child_benefit +£0.7m +£0.6m +£0.6m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m +£0.5m
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20%: change in universal_credit -£10.5m -£10.6m -£10.8m -£9.9m -£10.0m -£10.2m -£9.8m
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10%: change in national_insurance -£5.0m -£5.1m -£5.0m -£5.1m -£5.2m -£5.3m -£5.5m
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat -£21.4m -£21.9m -£22.5m -£23.0m -£23.6m -£24.1m -£24.7m
Raise additional rate by 3pp: change in income_tax +£3.6m +£3.8m +£3.9m +£4.0m +£4.3m +£4.4m +£4.5m
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10%: change in universal_credit +£30,590 +£0.1m +£0.1m +£0.2m +£0.3m +£0.2m +£0.3m
Raise the State Pension by 10%: change in state_pension +£1.0m +£0.9m +£4.0m +£1.0m +£1.0m +£1.0m +£1.0m

Household net income by decile

The datasets hold different households, so households are not matched; compare the mean income in each side's own deciles.

Checks failing on both base and head (4)
  • Each model total's components are exactly the partition's heads and declared double counts (closure): gov_spending: the partition puts 'healthy_start_vouchers' in this total, but the model does not add it; gov_spending: the partition puts 'scottish_child_payment' in this total, but the model does not add it; gov_spending: the partition puts 'statutory_paternity_pay' in this total, but the model does not add it
  • VAT is never negative (sign:vat): 2025-26: 67 units below zero, a weighted £-82,275,575 in total; 2026-27: 67 units below zero, a weighted £-84,487,756 in total; 2027-28: 67 units below zero, a weighted £-86,496,365 in total
  • The partition's heads and declared double counts add up to gov_spending (identity:gov_spending): 2025-26: 358 households differ, by a weighted £539,427,852 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year); 2026-27: 360 households differ, by a weighted £560,568,129 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year); 2027-28: 360 households differ, by a weighted £574,228,382 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year)
  • The partition's heads and declared double counts add up to household_benefits (identity:household_benefits): 2025-26: 1,819 households differ, by a weighted £92,337,632 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year); 2026-27: 1,791 households differ, by a weighted £94,279,709 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year); 2027-28: 1,739 households differ, by a weighted £94,643,559 in total (households holding a figure from fewer than 10 records aren't checked this year)
Counted-once check

Counted-once check not run: not requested.

Provenance
Side Commit Runtime Environment hash Partition hash Time
base policyengi uk 2.122.2 (files 0cb87d75a516), core 3.32.13, py 3.13.16 x86_64 b6f43b3befb9 e8ea8a019873 158.78s
head policyengi uk 2.122.2 (files 0cb87d75a516), core 3.32.13, py 3.13.16 x86_64 b6f43b3befb9 e8ea8a019873 176.99s

Base dataset: enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5, sha256 4b91dfb3626b111f74b5af046afd50d870d84bc25cae0407289403def79bc36b, the base's build.

Head dataset: enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5, sha256 8096bfb3a8173e7848ee4b33b3725ef0c73db0d652ca4779bf191d28de9b9993, this pull request's build.

Receipts by tax head: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Income tax £298.24bn £317.71bn £333.67bn £348.06bn £364.01bn £381.39bn £401.26bn
National Insurance (employee and self-employed) £51.17bn £53.37bn £55.12bn £56.71bn £58.62bn £60.43bn £62.76bn
National Insurance (employer) £151.20bn £157.65bn £162.54bn £167.06bn £173.78bn £179.21bn £186.27bn
Employer NI change borne by capital £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Employer NI change borne by consumers £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Capital gains tax £25.16bn £26.01bn £26.97bn £27.93bn £28.90bn £29.96bn £31.05bn
Student loan repayments £7.71bn £8.00bn £8.23bn £8.43bn £8.66bn £8.90bn £8.29bn
VAT £323.82bn £332.53bn £340.44bn £348.63bn £357.17bn £365.96bn £374.88bn
Change in VAT from its baseline £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
VAT on private school fees £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Fuel duties £24.04bn £24.14bn £26.10bn £26.16bn £25.89bn £25.24bn £25.82bn
Alcohol duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Tobacco duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Vehicle excise duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
TV licence fee £4.50bn £4.66bn £4.68bn £4.70bn £4.72bn £4.74bn £4.77bn
Council tax £48.71bn £51.55bn £54.81bn £58.35bn £61.87bn £65.55bn £65.83bn
High value council tax surcharge £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.69bn £0.71bn £0.72bn £0.74bn
Northern Ireland domestic rates £1.12bn £1.18bn £1.23bn £1.29bn £1.35bn £1.42bn £1.43bn
Business rates £31.73bn £31.73bn £31.73bn £31.73bn £31.73bn £31.73bn £31.73bn
Stamp duty land tax (own purchases, and corporate until the £19.53bn £20.41bn £21.38bn £22.35bn £23.35bn £24.46bn £25.64bn
Land transaction tax (Wales) £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn
Land and buildings transaction tax (Scotland) £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.07bn £0.07bn £0.07bn
Unspecified tax change borne by capital £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Unspecified tax change borne by consumers £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Wealth tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Wealth tax excluding the main residence £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Land value tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Carbon tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Spending by benefit and service: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension £133.47bn £138.54bn £140.83bn £143.17bn £147.39bn £151.76bn £156.22bn
Pension Credit £6.54bn £7.14bn £7.03bn £7.08bn £7.18bn £7.29bn £7.30bn
Winter Fuel Payment £1.69bn £1.66bn £1.62bn £1.59bn £1.58bn £1.58bn £1.57bn
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) £0.09bn £0.09bn £0.09bn £0.10bn £0.10bn £0.10bn £0.10bn
Universal Credit £78.90bn £83.12bn £84.94bn £86.49bn £87.42bn £84.62bn £85.12bn
Housing Benefit £8.34bn £8.67bn £8.86bn £9.06bn £9.34bn £9.58bn £9.54bn
Council Tax Reduction £2.17bn £2.23bn £2.30bn £2.36bn £2.42bn £2.50bn £2.46bn
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) £3.20bn £3.28bn £3.36bn £3.43bn £3.52bn £3.60bn £3.69bn
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) £4.75bn £4.88bn £4.99bn £5.11bn £5.24bn £5.37bn £5.50bn
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) £0.05bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) £0.29bn £0.29bn £0.30bn £0.31bn £0.32bn £0.32bn £0.33bn
Income Support £0.17bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Working Tax Credit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Child Tax Credit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Incapacity Benefit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Personal Independence Payment £30.44bn £31.72bn £32.57bn £33.36bn £34.17bn £35.01bn £35.87bn
Disability Living Allowance £8.11bn £8.46bn £8.68bn £8.89bn £9.11bn £9.33bn £9.56bn
Attendance Allowance £7.78bn £8.11bn £8.33bn £8.53bn £8.74bn £8.95bn £9.17bn
Carer's Allowance £3.98bn £4.15bn £4.26bn £4.36bn £4.47bn £4.58bn £4.69bn
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) £0.31bn £0.32bn £0.33bn £0.34bn £0.35bn £0.35bn £0.36bn
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) £0.00bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn
Severe Disablement Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit £0.62bn £0.64bn £0.65bn £0.67bn £0.69bn £0.70bn £0.72bn
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme £0.59bn £0.61bn £0.62bn £0.64bn £0.65bn £0.67bn £0.69bn
Child Benefit £16.35bn £17.00bn £17.42bn £17.82bn £18.23bn £18.67bn £19.08bn
Scottish Child Payment £0.48bn £0.50bn £0.51bn £0.53bn £0.54bn £0.55bn £0.56bn
Two Child Limit Payment (Scotland, counterfactual) £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Healthy Start vouchers £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.06bn
Maternity Allowance £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Statutory Maternity Pay £3.84bn £3.95bn £4.04bn £4.14bn £4.24bn £4.34bn £4.45bn
Statutory Paternity Pay £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Statutory Sick Pay £0.97bn £0.99bn £1.02bn £1.04bn £1.07bn £1.09bn £1.12bn
Sure Start Maternity Grant £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn
Bereavement Support Payment £1.13bn £1.16bn £1.18bn £1.21bn £1.24bn £1.27bn £1.30bn
Tax-Free Childcare £0.45bn £0.44bn £0.44bn £0.45bn £0.46bn £0.47bn £0.47bn
Extended childcare entitlement £3.76bn £4.17bn £4.29bn £4.40bn £4.52bn £4.69bn £4.82bn
Universal childcare entitlement £1.50bn £1.59bn £1.64bn £1.68bn £1.72bn £1.74bn £1.79bn
Targeted childcare entitlement £0.37bn £0.38bn £0.39bn £0.40bn £0.41bn £0.41bn £0.41bn
Care to Learn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Childcare Grant £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Parents' Learning Allowance £0.19bn £0.19bn £0.19bn £0.19bn £0.19bn £0.20bn £0.20bn
Adult Dependants' Grant £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn
Travel Grant £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
16 to 19 Bursary Fund £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
NHS spending £208.44bn £209.23bn £210.00bn £210.84bn £211.77bn £212.72bn £213.64bn
State education spending suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Transport subsidy spending £25.15bn £25.25bn £25.34bn £25.44bn £25.55bn £25.67bn £30.94bn
Cost-of-living support payment £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Energy Bills Rebate £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Energy Price Guarantee subsidy £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Basic income £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Disability basic income £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Other public spending budget change £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Caseloads: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension 11,748k 11,642k 11,396k 11,306k 11,356k 11,407k 11,456k
Pension Credit 1,369k 1,392k 1,345k 1,328k 1,328k 1,326k 1,307k
Winter Fuel Payment 7,151k 7,028k 6,805k 6,671k 6,648k 6,617k 6,606k
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) 709k 702k 690k 684k 687k 690k 693k
Universal Credit 6,376k 6,406k 6,431k 6,433k 6,408k 6,398k 6,374k
Housing Benefit 1,210k 1,208k 1,202k 1,198k 1,204k 1,203k 1,200k
Council Tax Reduction 3,612k 3,639k 3,682k 3,705k 3,727k 3,748k 3,722k
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) 310k 311k 312k 313k 315k 316k 317k
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) 668k 670k 673k 676k 679k 682k 685k
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) 9k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) 60k 60k 60k 60k 61k 61k 61k
Income Support 26k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Working Tax Credit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Child Tax Credit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Incapacity Benefit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Personal Independence Payment 4,135k 4,151k 4,166k 4,183k 4,201k 4,220k 4,238k
Disability Living Allowance 1,332k 1,337k 1,342k 1,347k 1,353k 1,359k 1,365k
Attendance Allowance 1,538k 1,544k 1,549k 1,556k 1,562k 1,570k 1,576k
Carer's Allowance 919k 922k 926k 929k 934k 938k 942k
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) 71k 71k 72k 72k 72k 73k 73k
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) 0k 71k 72k 72k 72k 73k 73k
Severe Disablement Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit 158k 159k 159k 160k 161k 161k 162k
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme 66k 67k 67k 67k 68k 68k 68k
Child Benefit 7,956k 7,970k 7,984k 8,010k 8,037k 8,069k 8,082k
Scottish Child Payment 340k 342k 343k 344k 342k 344k 343k
Two Child Limit Payment (Scotland, counterfactual) 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Healthy Start vouchers 231k 232k 233k 234k 235k 236k 237k
Maternity Allowance 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Statutory Maternity Pay 304k 305k 306k 307k 309k 310k 311k
Statutory Paternity Pay 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Statutory Sick Pay 151k 152k 153k 153k 154k 155k 155k
Sure Start Maternity Grant 22k 22k 22k 23k 23k 23k 23k
Bereavement Support Payment 183k 183k 184k 185k 186k 186k 187k
Tax-Free Childcare 966k 951k 952k 957k 934k 945k 934k
Extended childcare entitlement 792k 783k 790k 793k 795k 804k 823k
Universal childcare entitlement 438k 448k 451k 452k 454k 452k 455k
Targeted childcare entitlement 76k 77k 77k 77k 78k 76k 75k
Care to Learn 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Childcare Grant 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Parents' Learning Allowance 95k 95k 95k 96k 96k 97k 97k
Adult Dependants' Grant 17k 18k 15k 15k 15k 15k 14k
Travel Grant 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
16 to 19 Bursary Fund 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Cost-of-living support payment 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Energy Bills Rebate 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Energy Price Guarantee subsidy 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Basic income 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Disability basic income 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Government balance, each component counted once: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Government receipts, each component once £987.02bn £1,029.02bn £1,066.96bn £1,102.16bn £1,140.83bn £1,179.81bn £1,220.57bn
Government spending £554.25bn † £568.93bn † £576.41bn † £583.80bn † £592.79bn † £598.32bn † £611.85bn †
Government balance, each receipt once £432.77bn † £460.08bn † £490.56bn † £518.36bn † £548.05bn † £581.49bn † £608.71bn †
Benefits in household_benefits but not in gov_spending £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Model totals: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
gov_tax £990.15bn £1,032.15bn £1,070.09bn £1,105.29bn £1,143.96bn £1,182.94bn £1,223.70bn
household_tax £515.12bn £541.97bn £567.12bn £589.60bn £613.01bn £637.77bn £662.55bn
pre_budget_change_household_tax £507.41bn £533.96bn £558.89bn £580.48bn £603.65bn £628.14bn £653.51bn
gov_spending £554.25bn † £568.93bn † £576.41bn † £583.80bn † £592.79bn † £598.32bn † £611.85bn †
household_benefits £554.25bn † £568.93bn † £576.41bn † £583.80bn † £592.79bn † £598.32bn † £611.85bn †
gov_balance £435.90bn † £463.21bn † £493.69bn † £521.49bn † £551.18bn † £584.62bn † £611.84bn †
Components the model counts twice: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
corporate_sdlt, counted again inside expected_sdlt £3.13bn £3.13bn £3.13bn £3.13bn £3.13bn £3.13bn £3.13bn
Household income totals: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Household market income £1,662.11bn £1,724.37bn £1,777.17bn £1,827.88bn £1,893.41bn £1,951.98bn £2,024.00bn
Household net income £1,660.78bn † £1,709.35bn † £1,743.30bn † £1,777.84bn † £1,813.54bn † £1,851.53bn † £1,909.79bn †
Household net income (HBAI definition) suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Population: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
People 70,741k 71,010k 71,273k 71,558k 71,873k 72,196k 72,507k
Benefit units 38,924k 39,072k 39,216k 39,373k 39,546k 39,724k 39,895k
Households 32,062k 32,184k 32,303k 32,432k 32,575k 32,722k 32,862k
Poverty rates: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
People in poverty: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Inequality: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Gini coefficient, equivalised HBAI income before housing costs suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Mean household net income in each side's own deciles: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Decile 1: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 2: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 3: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 4: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 5: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 6: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 7: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 8: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 9: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Decile 10: mean household_net_income per household suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
Standard reform costings (change in gov_balance): head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp £6.04bn £6.31bn £6.52bn £6.71bn £6.91bn £7.14bn £7.40bn
Raise higher rate by 1pp £3.77bn £4.06bn £4.30bn £4.52bn £4.78bn £5.07bn £5.29bn
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year £-3.59bn £-3.70bn £-3.80bn £-3.86bn £-3.91bn £-3.98bn £-1.67bn
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child £-2.06bn £-1.82bn £-1.70bn £-1.59bn £-1.48bn £-1.37bn £-1.27bn
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20% £-16.79bn £-17.43bn £-17.67bn £-17.86bn £-17.92bn £-18.13bn £-18.16bn
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10% £10.63bn £11.04bn £11.35bn £11.60bn £11.89bn £12.19bn £12.63bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp £31.93bn £32.79bn £33.57bn £34.38bn £35.22bn £36.09bn £36.97bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp £3.28bn £3.53bn £3.74bn £3.95bn £4.19bn £4.44bn £4.80bn
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10% £-2.97bn £-3.12bn £-3.17bn £-3.22bn £-3.24bn £-3.28bn £-3.33bn
Raise the State Pension by 10% £-9.77bn £-10.02bn £-10.10bn £-10.20bn £-10.43bn £-10.69bn £-10.97bn
Standard reforms: change in each reform's target: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp: change in income_tax £6.15bn £6.43bn £6.64bn £6.84bn £7.05bn £7.28bn £7.54bn
Raise higher rate by 1pp: change in income_tax £3.77bn £4.07bn £4.31bn £4.53bn £4.79bn £5.08bn £5.30bn
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year: change in income_tax £-3.69bn £-3.81bn £-3.91bn £-3.98bn £-4.03bn £-4.11bn £-1.73bn
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child: change in child_benefit £2.50bn £2.30bn £2.17bn £2.05bn £1.94bn £1.82bn £1.70bn
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20%: change in universal_credit £16.83bn £17.47bn £17.71bn £17.91bn £17.96bn £18.17bn £18.20bn
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10%: change in national_insurance £10.82bn £11.23bn £11.54bn £11.82bn £12.11bn £12.42bn £12.87bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat £31.93bn £32.79bn £33.57bn £34.38bn £35.22bn £36.09bn £36.97bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp: change in income_tax £3.28bn £3.53bn £3.74bn £3.95bn £4.19bn £4.44bn £4.80bn
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10%: change in universal_credit £2.97bn £3.12bn £3.18bn £3.22bn £3.25bn £3.29bn £3.33bn
Raise the State Pension by 10%: change in state_pension £13.35bn £13.85bn £14.08bn £14.32bn £14.74bn £15.18bn £15.62bn

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MaxGhenis merged commit 87ec452 into main Oct 21, 2026
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Merged by the UK hub (session local_8e19f9d5, Opus 5.5) at head 5e16cddd32cb33c3bb8d2e78ef8d0fe1d0179a22, with a merge commit pinned by --match-head-commit, after every check passed.

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