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VAT grossing property tests and later-cut provenance; coverage re-derived on the next certified cut - #2634

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MaxGhenis wants to merge 4 commits into
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fix/vat-coverage-a133
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MaxGhenis wants to merge 4 commits into
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fix/vat-coverage-a133

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@MaxGhenis MaxGhenis commented Oct 24, 2026 •

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Fixes #2633

Draft. WIP: the coverage value is re-derived on the next certified Microcosm cut before this lands. This branch now carries main, including #2189 (energy-bill VAT is added after grossing and is not grossed up; the coverage is derived against receipts net of energy VAT). It ships main's coverage, 0.67, plus test, doc and provenance fixes. The value it lands with comes from a run with #2189's formula on the cut that follows microcosm#1383's rebuild, after that cut's fit:

  • if that run puts 2024-25 VAT within ±2% of receipts at 0.67, 0.67 stays and this PR lands with only the fixes below;
  • otherwise the coverage moves to the value that run gives, and the impact section is filled from runs at that value.

At #1383's merged head, obr.vat is held out of the fit (María's ruling of 24 October; calibration_measure_exclusions.json), so that measurement is not circular. Every figure marked PENDING comes from a run, not from arithmetic on other runs.

What changed and why

gov.simulation.vat.survey_consumption_coverage was derived in #2187 on the Microcosm UK 2024-25 cut f9d1922c (2 Oct) and re-derived with the energy split in #2189. Its metadata says to re-derive it when the dataset it should match changes.

The certified 6cba5d71 (policyengine.py 6.10.2) and a133f37a (the current default; policyengine.py#715) cuts record about 10% more standard-rated consumption: £435.60bn against £396.15bn in 2024-25. Before the energy split, with 0.67, total vat on a133f37a (main c0252415a) came out as follows:

2024-25 2025-26 2026-27
Model vat £188.61bn £196.43bn £201.71bn
OBR receipts (EFO March 2026, table 3.8) £170.994bn £180.169bn £187.704bn
Gap +10.3% +9.0% +7.5%

On 6cba5d71, a reform run that raises the standard rate from 20% to 21% changed total vat and gov_balance by £9.94bn in 2026-27 (PolicyEngine-UK 2.135.7 and 2.152.6 agree), 12.9% above HMRC's £8.8bn ready reckoner. These pre-split runs are recorded in the doc as the reason to re-derive; they do not set the value.

Changes in this branch against main:

  • Tests: new Hypothesis properties and fixed band-edge cases in test_vat_grossing_properties.py; a 2024 case in vat_grossing.yaml (2,050 / 0.469 = 4,371.00, the same product as later years).
  • Docs: docs/engineering/vat-coverage.md gains a "Later Microcosm cuts (24 October 2026)" section with the a133f37a and 6cba5d71 inputs (tags, revisions, SHA-256), versions and the pre-split rows, and a pointer from the "Which datasets" paragraph.
  • Parameters: none yet. survey_consumption_coverage stays 0.67 and microdata_vat_coverage 0.469 until the run above.

Impact

With the parameters unchanged, this branch moves no model output: it adds tests and docs. PENDING, if the run above moves the coverage, runs at the new value of:

  • total vat on the new cut and on Enhanced FRS 1.58.1, 2024-25 to 2026-27;
  • a one-point standard-rate reform run on the new cut (reform minus baseline vat and gov_balance);
  • the Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp regression fixture (reforms_config.yaml), updated from that run.

Invariants

These hold for every input:

  1. With the deprecated factor at its declared value, the grossing factor equals survey_consumption_coverage × household_share_of_receipts.
  2. A reform that moves the deprecated factor out of the closeness band around its declared value (1e-8 + 1e-5 × the value, NumPy's default isclose tolerance) overrides the two; a value inside the band counts as untouched.
  3. Each household's vat with no energy consumption equals (standard rate × full_rate_vat_consumption + reduced rate × reduced_rate_vat_consumption) / shipped product. It is linear in each household's consumption, with no cross-household term.
  4. The deprecated default equals the product of the two factors in every year from 2015 to 2030.
  5. The deprecated factor has a single undated value, so 2024 takes the product like every later year (vat_grossing.yaml, 2024 case). Adding a dated entry to it, which would send earlier years down the legacy path, fails that case.

Invariants 1–3 are Hypothesis tests in policyengine_uk/tests/test_vat_grossing_properties.py. Invariant 4 is in test_vat_grossing_legacy.py (main). A mutation that drops the household share from vat_grossing_factor fails invariant 1. For invariant 2, fixed cases sit at 0.99 and 1.01 bands either side of the declared value; changing the helper's np.isclose to exact equality fails the inside cases. The helper properties have no Hypothesis deadline, since they check algebra, not speed.

The dataset-level check (total vat within a few percent of receipts on the certified Microcosm cut) can't run in CI, because the tests' certified dataset is Enhanced FRS 1.58.1. It is reproduced by the doc's snippet.

Interaction with open work

PolicyEngine/microcosm#1383 (merged) locks policyengine-uk 2.151.0 and holds obr.vat out of the fit as a diagnostic (commit 94d4102fd; exclusion approved 2026-10-24, expiring 2027-01-24). The exclusion says the row rebinds once policyengine-uk re-derives the factor on a file that does not bind it. If a later cut binds obr.vat under 0.67, its fit would absorb the factor, so this PR's value is paired only with a cut on which a run supports it. Any lock bump is María's call.

Reproducer: n/a: tests and docs only; model source and dependencies are unchanged until the coverage is re-derived

axiom: n/a: a microsimulation calibration factor for survey under-recording, not law

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

survey_consumption_coverage was derived in #2187 on Microcosm f9d1922c.
The 6cba5d71 and a133f37a cuts record about 10% more standard-rated
consumption, so with 0.67 total vat ran 7.5% to 10.3% above OBR receipts
in 2024-25 to 2026-27. The doc's own calculation on a133f37a gives 0.739
for the latest outturn year; it is used as 0.74 (product 0.518), inside
the 0.720 to 0.756 bound from receipts and the ready reckoner.

Adds Hypothesis properties for the grossing factor and for vat being
statutory liability over the shipped product. Totals at the new product
and the reform-regression fixture wait on runs in the hub's next
reserved window.

Fixes #2633

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The deprecated combined factor has one undated value, so every year,
2024 included, takes the two factors' product. A YAML case pins vat in
2024; adding a dated entry to the deprecated factor makes it fail. The
doc's inputs now give the Hugging Face revisions of the a133f37a and
6cba5d71 tags, and the reproduction snippet pins a133f37a's revision.

Refs #2633

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@github-actions

github-actions Bot commented Oct 24, 2026 •

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Aggregate impact on certified data: pass

Base b1fb356ccb against head d0b34ea1fc, both on enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5 (policyengine-uk-data 1.58.1, sha256 056e80fd8e91), fiscal years 2025-26 to 2031-32. Each year is a full microsimulation run on each side.

Checks: 0 broken by this change, 1 failing on both sides, 0 fixed. Moves flagged for review: 49 (thresholds in report_spec.yaml; a flag does not fail the job).

Workflow run and full report

Notes

  • In the years a figure from fewer than 10 records is suppressed (spending.disabled_students_allowance), every total containing it, and the decile incomes, are rebuilt from their other components, so no published total includes it. Those totals are marked †. A change is withheld where the two sides leave out different figures and can't be lined up.

Moves flagged for review

Measure Year Base Head Change
VAT 2029-30 £279.83bn £253.36bn -£26.47bn
VAT 2027-28 £266.72bn £241.49bn -£25.23bn
VAT 2025-26 £253.71bn £229.71bn -£24.00bn
VAT 2026-27 £260.53bn £235.88bn -£24.64bn
VAT 2031-32 £293.71bn £265.92bn -£27.78bn
VAT 2030-31 £286.71bn £259.59bn -£27.12bn
VAT 2028-29 £273.14bn £247.31bn -£25.84bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2025-26 £373.44bn £349.44bn -£24.00bn
gov_balance 2025-26 £373.44bn £349.44bn -£24.00bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2026-27 £402.63bn £377.98bn -£24.64bn
gov_balance 2026-27 £402.63bn £377.98bn -£24.64bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2027-28 £432.79bn £407.56bn -£25.23bn
gov_balance 2027-28 £432.79bn £407.56bn -£25.23bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2028-29 £460.16bn £434.32bn -£25.84bn
gov_balance 2028-29 £460.16bn £434.32bn -£25.84bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2029-30 £491.59bn £465.12bn -£26.47bn
gov_balance 2029-30 £491.59bn £465.12bn -£26.47bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2030-31 £519.69bn £492.56bn -£27.12bn
gov_balance 2030-31 £519.69bn £492.56bn -£27.12bn
Government balance, each receipt once 2031-32 £552.80bn £525.01bn -£27.78bn
gov_balance 2031-32 £552.80bn £525.01bn -£27.78bn
gov_tax 2025-26 £904.02bn £880.02bn -£24.00bn
Government receipts, each component once 2025-26 £904.02bn £880.02bn -£24.00bn
gov_tax 2026-27 £948.22bn £923.57bn -£24.64bn
Government receipts, each component once 2026-27 £948.22bn £923.57bn -£24.64bn
gov_tax 2027-28 £986.59bn £961.36bn -£25.23bn
Government receipts, each component once 2027-28 £986.59bn £961.36bn -£25.23bn
Government receipts, each component once 2028-29 £1,021.15bn £995.31bn -£25.84bn
gov_tax 2028-29 £1,021.15bn £995.31bn -£25.84bn
gov_tax 2029-30 £1,061.16bn £1,034.69bn -£26.47bn
Government receipts, each component once 2029-30 £1,061.16bn £1,034.69bn -£26.47bn
gov_tax 2030-31 £1,098.47bn £1,071.35bn -£27.12bn
Government receipts, each component once 2030-31 £1,098.47bn £1,071.35bn -£27.12bn
gov_tax 2031-32 £1,140.69bn £1,112.91bn -£27.78bn
Government receipts, each component once 2031-32 £1,140.69bn £1,112.91bn -£27.78bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp 2028-29 £26.92bn £24.38bn -£2.55bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat 2030-31 £28.26bn £25.59bn -£2.67bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat 2028-29 £26.92bn £24.38bn -£2.55bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp 2031-32 £28.95bn £26.21bn -£2.74bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat 2027-28 £26.29bn £23.80bn -£2.49bn

9 more flags are in the report artifact.

Receipts by tax head

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
VAT -£24.00bn -£24.64bn -£25.23bn -£25.84bn -£26.47bn -£27.12bn -£27.78bn

Spending by benefit and service

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Caseloads

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed

Government balance, each component counted once

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Government receipts, each component once -£24.00bn -£24.64bn -£25.23bn -£25.84bn -£26.47bn -£27.12bn -£27.78bn
Government balance, each receipt once -£24.00bn † -£24.64bn † -£25.23bn † -£25.84bn † -£26.47bn † -£27.12bn † -£27.78bn †

Model totals

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
gov_tax -£24.00bn -£24.64bn -£25.23bn -£25.84bn -£26.47bn -£27.12bn -£27.78bn
gov_balance -£24.00bn † -£24.64bn † -£25.23bn † -£25.84bn † -£26.47bn † -£27.12bn † -£27.78bn †

Standard reform costings (change in gov_balance)

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp -£1,597 -£82 -£72 +£991 -£1,273 +£1,371 +£575
Raise higher rate by 1pp -£994 +£693 +£2,236 -£1,560 -£1,485 +£2,105 +£502
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year -£1,236 -£32 -£361 -£1,488 -£373 +£1,647 +£2,785
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child -£22 +£244 +£147 -£143 -£145 +£325 -£6
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20% -£130 -£109 -£149 +£38 -£16 -£328 -£179
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10% -£3,379 +£481 -£1,310 +£1,343 +£1,129 +£1,213 -£1,690
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp -£2.37bn -£2.43bn -£2.49bn -£2.55bn -£2.61bn -£2.67bn -£2.74bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp -£124 +£57 -£1,677 -£597 -£636 suppressed suppressed
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10% -£3 -£60 +£115 -£0 -£77 +£77 +£66
Raise the State Pension by 10% +£559 -£729 -£360 -£1,004 +£1,922 -£1,109 +£623

Standard reforms: change in each reform's target

Measure 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat -£2.37bn -£2.43bn -£2.49bn -£2.55bn -£2.61bn -£2.67bn -£2.74bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp: change in income_tax 0 0 0 0 0 suppressed suppressed

Household net income by decile

No household's net income changes in any year.

No change in any year: household income totals; population; poverty rates; people in poverty; inequality; mean household net income in each side's own deciles.

Checks failing on both base and head (1)
  • VAT is never negative (sign:vat): 2025-26: 76 units below zero, a weighted £-49,614,381 in total; 2026-27: 76 units below zero, a weighted £-50,948,383 in total; 2027-28: 76 units below zero, a weighted £-52,159,633 in total
Counted-once check

Each of 86 components was raised by £1 per unit in 2026-27, and every head of its totals was read household by household: its own head must rise by exactly £1, no other tax head may move, no other benefit may rise, and the model's own total must move by what its heads moved. A head that breaks a rule is measured again twice: with every other head held at its baseline value, and with every other head held at its value after the first £1 while the component rises again. It fails where either still shows the response. 0 failed; 0 were skipped.

  • widowed_parents_allowance: pension_credit responds only through other heads in fewer than 10 households (other heads that moved there: carers_allowance; gov_spending; not a failure)
  • widowed_parents_allowance: pension_credit responds only through other heads in fewer than 10 households (other heads that moved there: carers_allowance; household_benefits; not a failure)
Provenance
Side Commit Runtime Environment hash Partition hash Time
base main b1fb356ccb uk 2.153.2 (files 08e4f5007c2a), core 3.33.2, py 3.13.17 aarch64 043ac7209d5e 8d321bae91af 1611.74s
head #2634 merged into main d0b34ea1fc uk 2.153.2 (files e327998a8b73), core 3.33.2, py 3.13.17 aarch64 043ac7209d5e 8d321bae91af 1639.33s

Dataset: hf://policyengine/policyengine-uk-data-private/enhanced_frs_2024_25.h5@2526edbbb687a3b54dbb11272e5389e4b62d2ac2, sha256 056e80fd8e9151d78f432a25cde863340baee81304c6216a37fb575ce8563784 (verified on both sides), policyengine-uk-data 1.58.1.

Receipts by tax head: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Income tax £299.29bn £319.01bn £336.54bn £351.69bn £367.24bn £385.36bn £403.66bn
National Insurance (employee and self-employed) £52.58bn £54.94bn £56.75bn £58.48bn £60.62bn £62.57bn £65.03bn
National Insurance (employer) £152.64bn £159.18bn £164.14bn £168.73bn £176.11bn £181.72bn £188.90bn
Employer NI change borne by capital £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Employer NI change borne by consumers £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Capital gains tax £12.62bn £13.06bn £13.55bn £14.04bn £14.54bn £15.09bn £15.65bn
Student loan repayments £7.83bn £8.12bn £8.35bn £8.56bn £8.79bn £9.04bn £9.38bn
VAT £229.71bn £235.88bn £241.49bn £247.31bn £253.36bn £259.59bn £265.92bn
Change in VAT from its baseline £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
VAT on private school fees £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Fuel duties £24.53bn £24.64bn £26.64bn £26.69bn £26.42bn £25.76bn £26.35bn
Alcohol duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Tobacco duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Vehicle excise duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Betting and gaming duties £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
TV licence fee £4.28bn £4.43bn £4.44bn £4.46bn £4.48bn £4.50bn £4.52bn
Council tax £49.21bn £51.88bn £54.97bn £58.29bn £61.55bn £64.92bn £68.49bn
High value council tax surcharge £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.48bn £0.49bn £0.51bn £0.52bn
Northern Ireland domestic rates £0.55bn £0.58bn £0.61bn £0.63bn £0.67bn £0.70bn £0.73bn
Business rates £34.68bn £38.04bn £38.88bn £39.76bn £43.07bn £43.13bn £44.57bn
Stamp duty land tax on the household's own purchases £6.93bn £7.42bn £7.85bn £8.26bn £8.68bn £9.09bn £9.51bn
Stamp duty land tax paid by companies £4.81bn £5.98bn £6.73bn £7.46bn £8.21bn £8.87bn £9.16bn
Land transaction tax (Wales) £0.08bn £0.08bn £0.09bn £0.09bn £0.10bn £0.10bn £0.11bn
Land and buildings transaction tax (Scotland) £0.31bn £0.32bn £0.34bn £0.36bn £0.37bn £0.39bn £0.40bn
Unspecified tax change borne by capital £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Unspecified tax change borne by consumers £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Wealth tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Wealth tax excluding the main residence £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Land value tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Carbon tax £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Spending by benefit and service: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension £122.15bn £126.64bn £127.76bn £129.65bn £133.46bn £137.40bn £141.47bn
Pension Credit £6.68bn £7.07bn £7.35bn £7.50bn £7.65bn £7.83bn £8.02bn
Winter Fuel Payment £1.70bn £1.68bn £1.59bn £1.57bn £1.57bn £1.55bn £1.52bn
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) £0.19bn £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.21bn £0.21bn £0.22bn £0.22bn
Universal Credit £75.54bn £80.75bn £83.40bn £85.21bn £86.21bn £87.61bn £88.91bn
Housing Benefit £8.59bn £8.93bn £9.22bn £9.37bn £9.64bn £9.91bn £10.20bn
Council Tax Reduction £1.98bn £2.03bn £2.07bn £2.12bn £2.17bn £2.22bn £2.26bn
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) £0.79bn £0.81bn £0.83bn £0.85bn £0.87bn £0.89bn £0.91bn
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) £5.22bn £5.36bn £5.49bn £5.62bn £5.76bn £5.90bn £6.04bn
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) £0.29bn £0.30bn £0.30bn £0.31bn £0.32bn £0.33bn £0.33bn
Income Support £0.12bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Working Tax Credit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Child Tax Credit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Incapacity Benefit £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Personal Independence Payment £27.05bn £28.19bn £29.28bn £30.02bn £30.75bn £31.51bn £32.28bn
Disability Living Allowance £7.52bn £7.83bn £8.14bn £8.34bn £8.55bn £8.76bn £8.97bn
Attendance Allowance £8.71bn £9.08bn £9.43bn £9.67bn £9.90bn £10.15bn £10.40bn
Carer's Allowance £4.50bn £4.69bn £4.87bn £4.99bn £5.11bn £5.23bn £5.36bn
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) £0.31bn £0.32bn £0.34bn £0.34bn £0.35bn £0.36bn £0.37bn
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) £0.00bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn
Severe Disablement Allowance £0.03bn £0.03bn £0.03bn £0.03bn £0.03bn £0.03bn £0.03bn
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit £0.51bn £0.52bn £0.53bn £0.54bn £0.56bn £0.57bn £0.59bn
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme £0.61bn £0.62bn £0.64bn £0.65bn £0.67bn £0.69bn £0.70bn
War Widow's or Widower's Pension £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Child Benefit £16.23bn £16.91bn £17.53bn £17.96bn £18.39bn £18.84bn £19.29bn
Scottish Child Payment £0.50bn £0.52bn £0.54bn £0.56bn £0.56bn £0.58bn £0.59bn
Two Child Limit Payment (Scotland, counterfactual) £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Healthy Start vouchers £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn £0.05bn
Maternity Allowance £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Statutory Maternity Pay £3.32bn £3.41bn £3.49bn £3.57bn £3.66bn £3.75bn £3.84bn
Statutory Paternity Pay £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Statutory Sick Pay £1.13bn £1.16bn £1.19bn £1.22bn £1.25bn £1.28bn £1.31bn
Sure Start Maternity Grant £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn £0.01bn
Bereavement Support Payment £0.67bn £0.69bn £0.70bn £0.72bn £0.74bn £0.76bn £0.78bn
Widowed Parent's Allowance £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Tax-Free Childcare £0.55bn £0.56bn £0.57bn £0.58bn £0.60bn £0.61bn £0.59bn
Extended childcare entitlement £2.77bn £3.27bn £3.36bn £3.43bn £3.53bn £3.61bn £3.70bn
Universal childcare entitlement £2.26bn £2.45bn £2.51bn £2.58bn £2.64bn £2.72bn £2.78bn
Targeted childcare entitlement £0.47bn £0.49bn £0.50bn £0.51bn £0.52bn £0.53bn £0.47bn
Care to Learn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Childcare Grant £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Parents' Learning Allowance £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.20bn £0.20bn
Adult Dependants' Grant £0.06bn £0.06bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn £0.04bn
Travel Grant £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
16 to 19 Bursary Fund £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
NHS spending £204.68bn £205.46bn £206.22bn £207.04bn £207.96bn £208.89bn £209.79bn
State education spending £0.02bn £0.02bn £0.02bn £0.02bn £0.02bn £0.02bn £0.02bn
Transport subsidy spending £25.15bn £25.25bn £25.34bn £25.44bn £25.55bn £25.67bn £25.78bn
Cost-of-living support payment £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Energy Bills Rebate £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Energy Price Guarantee subsidy £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Basic income £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Disability basic income £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Other public spending budget change £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Caseloads: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
State Pension 11,308k 11,208k 10,906k 10,812k 10,860k 10,908k 10,955k
Pension Credit 1,491k 1,489k 1,488k 1,470k 1,473k 1,476k 1,475k
Winter Fuel Payment 7,091k 7,011k 6,600k 6,512k 6,493k 6,379k 6,248k
Pension Age Winter Heating Payment (Scotland) 806k 807k 807k 805k 809k 812k 816k
Universal Credit 6,361k 6,370k 6,404k 6,419k 6,390k 6,387k 6,368k
Housing Benefit 1,254k 1,252k 1,256k 1,242k 1,246k 1,250k 1,252k
Council Tax Reduction 3,187k 3,212k 3,225k 3,248k 3,266k 3,282k 3,295k
Employment and Support Allowance (income-related) 71k 71k 71k 72k 72k 72k 72k
Employment and Support Allowance (contribution-based) 722k 724k 727k 730k 733k 737k 740k
Jobseeker's Allowance (income-based) 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Jobseeker's Allowance (contribution-based) 67k 67k 68k 68k 68k 69k 69k
Income Support 25k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Working Tax Credit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Child Tax Credit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Incapacity Benefit 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Personal Independence Payment 3,581k 3,595k 3,608k 3,623k 3,639k 3,655k 3,671k
Disability Living Allowance 1,296k 1,301k 1,306k 1,311k 1,317k 1,323k 1,329k
Attendance Allowance 1,701k 1,708k 1,714k 1,721k 1,729k 1,736k 1,744k
Carer's Allowance 1,038k 1,042k 1,046k 1,050k 1,055k 1,059k 1,064k
Carer Support Payment (Scotland) 71k 72k 72k 72k 73k 73k 73k
Carer's Allowance Supplement (Scotland) 0k 72k 72k 72k 73k 73k 73k
Severe Disablement Allowance 4k 4k 4k 4k 4k 4k 4k
Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit 137k 138k 139k 139k 140k 140k 141k
Armed Forces Compensation Scheme 94k 94k 94k 95k 95k 95k 96k
War Widow's or Widower's Pension 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Child Benefit 8,136k 8,165k 8,185k 8,215k 8,249k 8,282k 8,314k
Scottish Child Payment 352k 354k 355k 359k 357k 358k 357k
Two Child Limit Payment (Scotland, counterfactual) 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Healthy Start vouchers 200k 201k 202k 203k 204k 204k 205k
Maternity Allowance 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Statutory Maternity Pay 334k 335k 336k 338k 339k 341k 342k
Statutory Paternity Pay 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Statutory Sick Pay 182k 183k 183k 184k 185k 186k 186k
Sure Start Maternity Grant 26k 26k 26k 27k 27k 27k 27k
Bereavement Support Payment 98k 98k 99k 99k 100k 100k 101k
Widowed Parent's Allowance 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Tax-Free Childcare 1,018k 1,029k 1,028k 1,033k 1,034k 1,039k 1,023k
Extended childcare entitlement 718k 724k 728k 732k 737k 741k 743k
Universal childcare entitlement 986k 989k 992k 997k 1,002k 1,013k 1,015k
Targeted childcare entitlement 98k 98k 96k 96k 96k 97k 84k
Care to Learn 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Childcare Grant 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Parents' Learning Allowance 98k 99k 99k 100k 100k 100k 101k
Adult Dependants' Grant 18k 18k 12k 13k 13k 13k 13k
Travel Grant 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Disabled Students' Allowance suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed suppressed
16 to 19 Bursary Fund 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Cost-of-living support payment 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Energy Bills Rebate 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Energy Price Guarantee subsidy 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Basic income 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Disability basic income 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k
Government balance, each component counted once: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Government receipts, each component once £880.02bn £923.57bn £961.36bn £995.31bn £1,034.69bn £1,071.35bn £1,112.91bn
Government spending £530.58bn † £545.59bn † £553.80bn † £560.99bn † £569.57bn † £578.78bn † £587.89bn †
Government balance, each receipt once £349.44bn † £377.98bn † £407.56bn † £434.32bn † £465.12bn † £492.56bn † £525.01bn †
Benefits in household_benefits but not in gov_spending £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn £0.00bn
Model totals: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
gov_tax £880.02bn £923.57bn £961.36bn £995.31bn £1,034.69bn £1,071.35bn £1,112.91bn
household_tax £497.67bn £528.51bn £555.73bn £579.27bn £605.22bn £630.03bn £658.08bn
pre_budget_change_household_tax £489.85bn £520.38bn £547.38bn £570.23bn £595.94bn £620.49bn £648.19bn
gov_spending £530.58bn † £545.59bn † £553.80bn † £560.99bn † £569.57bn † £578.78bn † £587.89bn †
household_benefits £530.58bn † £545.59bn † £553.80bn † £560.99bn † £569.57bn † £578.78bn † £587.89bn †
gov_balance £349.44bn † £377.98bn † £407.56bn † £434.32bn † £465.12bn † £492.56bn † £525.01bn †
Household income totals: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Household market income £1,657.06bn £1,719.25bn £1,771.68bn £1,821.99bn £1,872.88bn £1,930.99bn £2,001.98bn
Household net income £1,650.70bn † £1,695.57bn † £1,727.87bn † £1,760.76bn † £1,793.15bn † £1,834.40bn † £1,884.74bn †
Household net income (HBAI definition) £1,462.17bn £1,509.90bn £1,544.25bn £1,577.67bn £1,612.09bn £1,651.53bn £1,702.40bn
Population: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
People 69,514k 69,778k 70,036k 70,316k 70,626k 70,944k 71,249k
Benefit units 35,247k 35,381k 35,512k 35,654k 35,811k 35,972k 36,127k
Households 31,167k 31,285k 31,401k 31,526k 31,665k 31,808k 31,944k
Poverty rates: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone 16.1% 15.2% 15.5% 15.6% 15.7% 15.8% 15.8%
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children 24.2% 21.4% 21.6% 21.6% 21.7% 22.0% 21.8%
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults 13.9% 13.5% 14.0% 14.2% 14.2% 14.3% 14.3%
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners 13.7% 13.2% 13.1% 13.4% 13.4% 13.5% 13.5%
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone 21.6% 20.9% 21.3% 21.5% 21.8% 22.1% 22.2%
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children 33.4% 30.9% 31.1% 31.1% 31.5% 32.0% 32.3%
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults 19.9% 19.7% 20.3% 20.5% 20.8% 21.0% 21.1%
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners 12.8% 12.6% 12.4% 12.6% 12.7% 13.0% 13.0%
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone 17.2% 16.5% 16.5% 16.6% 16.3% 16.4% 16.4%
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children 26.4% 23.7% 23.4% 23.4% 22.9% 23.0% 22.9%
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults 14.7% 14.4% 14.7% 14.8% 14.7% 14.8% 14.8%
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners 14.8% 14.8% 14.0% 14.2% 13.9% 14.0% 14.1%
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone 21.7% 21.1% 21.2% 21.2% 21.4% 21.4% 21.7%
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children 33.5% 31.3% 31.0% 30.8% 31.0% 31.1% 31.5%
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults 19.9% 19.8% 20.2% 20.3% 20.5% 20.5% 20.7%
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners 13.0% 12.7% 12.4% 12.1% 12.0% 12.1% 12.4%
People in poverty: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: everyone 11,163k 10,583k 10,852k 11,004k 11,081k 11,222k 11,226k
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: children 3,629k 3,221k 3,260k 3,284k 3,310k 3,369k 3,350k
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults 5,902k 5,806k 6,080k 6,197k 6,234k 6,304k 6,319k
Absolute poverty, before housing costs: pensioners 1,632k 1,556k 1,512k 1,523k 1,537k 1,550k 1,556k
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: everyone 15,000k 14,571k 14,945k 15,112k 15,392k 15,663k 15,804k
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: children 5,004k 4,656k 4,703k 4,723k 4,808k 4,897k 4,966k
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults 8,476k 8,431k 8,812k 8,952k 9,130k 9,273k 9,341k
Absolute poverty, after housing costs: pensioners 1,520k 1,484k 1,430k 1,437k 1,455k 1,492k 1,497k
Relative poverty, before housing costs: everyone 11,974k 11,507k 11,535k 11,642k 11,544k 11,663k 11,712k
Relative poverty, before housing costs: children 3,963k 3,570k 3,543k 3,553k 3,489k 3,519k 3,522k
Relative poverty, before housing costs: working-age adults 6,246k 6,184k 6,378k 6,475k 6,460k 6,538k 6,563k
Relative poverty, before housing costs: pensioners 1,765k 1,753k 1,615k 1,613k 1,595k 1,606k 1,628k
Relative poverty, after housing costs: everyone 15,067k 14,732k 14,872k 14,931k 15,091k 15,202k 15,461k
Relative poverty, after housing costs: children 5,019k 4,715k 4,686k 4,669k 4,725k 4,754k 4,839k
Relative poverty, after housing costs: working-age adults 8,497k 8,516k 8,764k 8,884k 8,992k 9,060k 9,192k
Relative poverty, after housing costs: pensioners 1,551k 1,502k 1,422k 1,378k 1,374k 1,388k 1,429k
Inequality: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Gini coefficient, equivalised HBAI income before housing costs 0.3088 0.3061 0.3067 0.3073 0.3077 0.3083 0.3093
Mean household net income in each side's own deciles: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Decile 1: mean household_net_income per household £17,768 † £17,884 † £17,830 † £17,847 † £18,125 † £18,315 † £18,440 †
Decile 2: mean household_net_income per household £27,995 † £28,845 † £28,594 † £29,012 † £29,189 † £29,600 † £30,278 †
Decile 3: mean household_net_income per household £34,275 † £35,509 † £36,037 † £36,498 † £36,760 † £37,372 † £37,928 †
Decile 4: mean household_net_income per household £38,650 † £40,696 † £41,778 † £42,415 † £43,055 † £43,779 † £44,259 †
Decile 5: mean household_net_income per household £43,775 † £44,546 † £45,584 † £46,298 † £47,371 † £48,231 † £49,554 †
Decile 6: mean household_net_income per household £48,323 † £49,547 † £50,591 † £51,565 † £51,587 † £53,193 † £54,178 †
Decile 7: mean household_net_income per household £56,215 † £57,308 † £58,072 † £58,467 † £59,609 † £60,184 † £61,764 †
Decile 8: mean household_net_income per household £69,098 † £70,411 † £71,825 † £72,849 † £74,256 † £75,374 † £77,582 †
Decile 9: mean household_net_income per household £79,578 † £81,719 † £82,750 † £84,111 † £85,450 † £86,991 † £89,920 †
Decile 10: mean household_net_income per household £117,506 † £120,013 † £121,860 † £123,908 † £125,844 † £128,160 † £130,960 †
Standard reform costings (change in gov_balance): head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp £6.22bn £6.50bn £6.70bn £6.90bn £7.11bn £7.34bn £7.62bn
Raise higher rate by 1pp £3.54bn £3.82bn £4.05bn £4.27bn £4.49bn £4.76bn £4.96bn
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year £-3.83bn £-3.96bn £-4.03bn £-4.10bn £-4.19bn £-4.30bn £-2.02bn
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child £-2.00bn £-1.76bn £-1.58bn £-1.48bn £-1.38bn £-1.28bn £-1.17bn
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20% £-20.49bn £-21.05bn £-21.50bn £-21.94bn £-22.03bn £-22.40bn £-22.87bn
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10% £11.07bn £11.51bn £11.84bn £12.14bn £12.49bn £12.83bn £13.23bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp £22.64bn £23.25bn £23.80bn £24.38bn £24.97bn £25.59bn £26.21bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp £2.83bn £3.07bn £3.27bn £3.47bn £3.67bn suppressed suppressed
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10% £-3.03bn £-3.16bn £-3.28bn £-3.35bn £-3.39bn £-3.44bn £-3.51bn
Raise the State Pension by 10% £-7.81bn £-8.07bn £-8.06bn £-8.18bn £-8.43bn £-8.60bn £-8.96bn
Standard reforms: change in each reform's target: head levels
Measure (head) 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31 2031-32
Raise basic rate by 1pp: change in income_tax £6.36bn £6.65bn £6.86bn £7.07bn £7.28bn £7.52bn £7.80bn
Raise higher rate by 1pp: change in income_tax £3.55bn £3.83bn £4.06bn £4.28bn £4.50bn £4.77bn £4.97bn
Raise personal allowance by ~800GBP/year: change in income_tax £-3.96bn £-4.10bn £-4.19bn £-4.26bn £-4.36bn £-4.47bn £-1.77bn
Raise child benefit by 25GBP/week per additional child: change in child_benefit £2.34bn £2.15bn £1.96bn £1.85bn £1.74bn £1.63bn £1.51bn
Reduce Universal Credit taper rate to 20%: change in universal_credit £20.48bn £21.04bn £21.49bn £21.93bn £22.02bn £22.40bn £22.86bn
Raise Class 1 main employee NICs rate to 10%: change in national_insurance £11.33bn £11.79bn £12.13bn £12.44bn £12.78bn £13.13bn £13.62bn
Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp: change in vat £22.64bn £23.25bn £23.80bn £24.38bn £24.97bn £25.59bn £26.21bn
Raise additional rate by 3pp: change in income_tax £2.83bn £3.07bn £3.27bn £3.47bn £3.67bn suppressed suppressed
Raise the Universal Credit standard allowance by 10%: change in universal_credit £3.03bn £3.16bn £3.28bn £3.36bn £3.41bn £3.47bn £3.52bn
Raise the State Pension by 10%: change in state_pension £10.72bn £11.23bn £11.37bn £11.62bn £12.08bn £12.54bn £13.07bn

…p.isclose

Review r1 of #2634 (Sol, REQUEST_CHANGES at b6d8af5) found:

- The £9.94bn one-point figure was described as a reform run without the
  runs being cited. The doc now names them: reform minus baseline `vat` and
  `gov_balance` on 6cba5d71 (revision bb225848), policyengine-uk 2.135.7 and
  2.152.6, £9.94bn in 2026-27 and £9.68bn in 2025-26.
- The moved-legacy property classified closeness with pytest.approx, which
  takes the larger tolerance, while the helper uses np.isclose, which adds
  them. A legacy value of 0.518005185 failed the property. The band is now
  stated once (1e-8 + 1e-5 x the default), the moved property draws values
  outside it, a new property draws values inside it, and fixed cases sit at
  0.99 and 1.01 bands either side. Changing the helper to exact equality
  fails the inside cases.
- The helper properties kept Hypothesis's 200 ms deadline and flaked on a
  loaded host; they now have no deadline.
- The doc attributed both cuts' rows to main and core 3.33.2; it now gives
  each cut's recorded versions.
- The parameter said 6cba5d71 matches a133f37a to three decimal places; it
  now says the 2024-25 coverage (0.739) matches.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@MaxGhenis

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Review r1 (GPT-6.1 Sol, REQUEST_CHANGES at b6d8af5): all five findings are fixed in e1ff493.

  1. £9.94bn evidence (P2). That figure is a real reform run, but the PR didn't cite it. The doc and body now cite it: on 6cba5d71 (revision bb225848), reform (standard rate 21%) minus baseline gives vat +£9.94bn in 2026-27 and +£9.68bn in 2025-26, with the same change in gov_balance. It ran on PolicyEngine-UK 2.135.7 and again on 2.152.6, and both give the same result. The baseline-only driver the review read is a different script; its static figure is not cited anywhere.
  2. Legacy-override oracle (P2). The band is now stated once: 1e-8 + 1e-5 × the declared value, which is np.isclose's default.
    • The moved-legacy property draws values outside it, and a new property draws values inside it.
    • Fixed cases sit at ±0.99 and ±1.01 bands.
    • The review's counterexample (0.518005185) is now classified as untouched and passes.
    • Mutating the helper to exact equality fails the inside cases.
  3. Deadlines (P2). The two helper properties now have deadline=None.
  4. Version provenance (P3). The a133f37a rows: 2.152.7 / core 3.33.2, and again 2.147.2 / core 3.33.3, with the same totals. The 6cba5d71 rows: 2.147.2 / core 3.33.3.
  5. "Same to 3 dp" (P3). The body now says 6cba5d71 gives products of 0.504 to 0.518, and so gives 0.74 once the 0.739 coverage is rounded. The parameter metadata now says only that the 2024-25 coverage matches.

Local runs at e1ff493:

  • test_vat_grossing_properties.py + test_vat_grossing_legacy.py: 12 passed.
  • vat_grossing.yaml: 5 passed.
  • ruff: clean.

Still PENDING, and the PR stays a draft until they are done:

  • the totals at the new product, and the one-point reform run on a133f37a;
  • the Raise VAT standard rate by 2pp fixture, which is updated only from a measured run.

These run in the hub's next allowed host window. A delta review follows them.

@MaxGhenis

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Plan change (24 Oct): this PR no longer lands on a133f37a's figures. Two changes move what the coverage should be:

  • microcosm#1383, María's rebuild tonight, changes the consumption base: it levels the LCFS COICOP divisions' over-draw.
  • Model the temporary 0% VAT on GB domestic electricity #2189 changes the formula: energy-bill VAT is no longer grossed up, and the coverage is derived against receipts net of energy VAT.

So the value is re-derived on Monday's final cut, after its fit, with the formula on main. The 2pp fixture is updated from a run on the same code, and a delta review follows before this is marked ready. If that run puts VAT within ±2% of receipts at 0.67, this keeps 0.67.

At #1383's head e570d65ff, obr.vat is held out of the fit (calibration_measure_exclusions.json; the exclusion is removed from the calibration registry by apply_uk_calibration_measure_exclusions), so that measurement is not circular.

The figures run today are a reference only, on a133f37a at e1ff493 and before #2189:

Run Result
Total vat at 0.74 vs receipts −0.13% (2024-25), −1.29% (2025-26), −2.70% (2026-27)
1pp reform run, reform minus baseline £8.99bn in 2026-27, +2.2% vs HMRC's £8.8bn
Enhanced FRS 1.58.1, total vat vs receipts +29.0% (2024-25), +27.5% (2025-26)
2pp fixture £24.97bn

Takes main's survey coverage (0.67) and derivation doc, and keeps this
branch's property tests, the 2024 pin test and the record of the later
Microcosm cuts. Test expectations go back to the 0.469 product. The
coverage is re-derived with #2189's formula on the next certified cut.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@MaxGhenis MaxGhenis changed the title Re-derive VAT survey coverage on the certified a133f37a Microcosm cut VAT grossing property tests and later-cut provenance; coverage re-derived on the next certified cut Oct 24, 2026
@MaxGhenis

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Merged main (with #2189) at 87911eb58. The branch now ships main's coverage, 0.67 (product 0.469), and #2189's formula. Its own changes are the property tests, the 2024 pin case and the later-cut provenance in the doc; test expectations are back at 2,050 / 0.469 = 4,371.00. The VAT pytest files (38 passed) and the gov/hmrc/vat YAML tests (10 passed) pass locally.

The coverage is re-derived with #2189's formula on the next certified cut, after its fit. Title and body updated to match.

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VAT survey coverage was derived on an older Microcosm cut and puts VAT about 9% above receipts on the current certified cuts

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