android · copybara-service · Sep 4, 2026 · Sep 4, 2026
diff --git a/build_extensions/AndroidManifest_robolectric.xml b/build_extensions/AndroidManifest_robolectric.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.robolectric" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="33" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/build_extensions/AndroidManifest_target_stub.xml b/build_extensions/AndroidManifest_target_stub.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="${applicationId}" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/core/CHANGELOG.md b/core/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 **API Changes**
 
-* Update to minSdkVersion 23 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 23
+* Update to minSdkVersion 24 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 24
 
 **Breaking API Changes**
 

diff --git a/core/java/androidx/test/core/AndroidManifest.xml b/core/java/androidx/test/core/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.core" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="28" />
 
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.REORDER_TASKS" />

diff --git a/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/AndroidManifest_target.xml b/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/AndroidManifest_target.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.core.app" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application >

diff --git a/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/AndroidManifest_test.xml b/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/AndroidManifest_test.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.core.app.test" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application/>

diff --git a/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/testing/AndroidManifest.xml b/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/testing/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     package="androidx.test.core.app.testing">
   <uses-sdk
-      android:minSdkVersion="23"/>
+      android:minSdkVersion="24"/>
   <application>
     <activity
         android:name=".RecreationRecordingActivity"

diff --git a/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/testing/AndroidManifest_empty.xml b/core/javatests/androidx/test/core/app/testing/AndroidManifest_empty.xml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
     package="androidx.test.core.app.testing">
   <uses-sdk
-      android:minSdkVersion="23"/>
+      android:minSdkVersion="24"/>
   <application>
   </application>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/CHANGELOG.md b/espresso/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The following artifacts were released:
 
 **API Changes**
 
-* Update to minSdkVersion 23 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 23
+* Update to minSdkVersion 24 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 24
 
 **Breaking API Changes**
 

diff --git a/espresso/accessibility/java/androidx/test/espresso/accessibility/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/accessibility/java/androidx/test/espresso/accessibility/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.accessibility" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application />

diff --git a/espresso/contrib/java/androidx/test/espresso/contrib/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/contrib/java/androidx/test/espresso/contrib/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.contrib" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application />

diff --git a/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.core" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/base/ConfigurationSynchronizationUtils.java b/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/base/ConfigurationSynchronizationUtils.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public static void waitForConfigurationChangesOnActivity(
       Activity currentActivity, UiController uiController, Context appContext) {
     // The activity's orientation can differ from application's orientation when the activity is in
     // multi-window mode.
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24 && currentActivity.isInMultiWindowMode()) {
+    if (currentActivity.isInMultiWindowMode()) {
       return;
     }
     // If the application is running activities in different processes, activities that aren't

diff --git a/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/base/InputManagerEventInjectionStrategy.java b/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/base/InputManagerEventInjectionStrategy.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 /**
  * An {@link EventInjectionStrategy} that uses the input manager to inject Events. This strategy
- * supports API level 23 and above.
+ * supports API level 24 and above.
  */
 final class InputManagerEventInjectionStrategy implements EventInjectionStrategy {
   private static final String TAG = "EventInjectionStrategy";

diff --git a/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/matcher/RootMatchers.java b/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/matcher/RootMatchers.java
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
 
 import android.app.Activity;
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.view.View;
@@ -226,19 +225,13 @@ public IsPlatformPopup() {}
 
     @Override
     public boolean matchesSafely(Root item) {
-      String popupClassName = "android.widget.PopupWindow$PopupViewContainer";
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 23) {
-        popupClassName = "android.widget.PopupWindow$PopupDecorView";
-      }
+      String popupClassName = "android.widget.PopupWindow$PopupDecorView";
       return withDecorView(withClassName(is(popupClassName))).matches(item);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void describeTo(Description description) {
-      String popupClassName = "PopupWindow$PopupViewContainer";
-      if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 23) {
-        popupClassName = "PopupWindow$PopupDecorView";
-      }
+      String popupClassName = "PopupWindow$PopupDecorView";
       description.appendText("with decor view of type " + popupClassName);
     }
   }

diff --git a/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/remote/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/core/java/androidx/test/espresso/remote/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.remote" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application />

diff --git a/espresso/core/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/action/AndroidManifest_key.xml b/espresso/core/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/action/AndroidManifest_key.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.action" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application/>

diff --git a/espresso/device/CHANGELOG.md b/espresso/device/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 **API Changes**
 
-* Update to minSdkVersion 23 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 23
+* Update to minSdkVersion 24 and remove all related logic for SDKs < 24
 
 **Breaking API Changes**
 

diff --git a/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/AccelerometerRotationUtil.kt b/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/AccelerometerRotationUtil.kt
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@
 
 package androidx.test.espresso.device.common
 
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Handler
 import android.os.HandlerThread
 import android.provider.Settings
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch
@@ -34,15 +32,14 @@ fun getAccelerometerRotationSetting(): AccelerometerRotation =
     Settings.System.getInt(
       InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getTargetContext().getContentResolver(),
       Settings.System.ACCELEROMETER_ROTATION,
-      0
+      0,
     ) == 1
   ) {
     AccelerometerRotation.ENABLED
   } else {
     AccelerometerRotation.DISABLED
   }
 
-@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
 @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY)
 fun setAccelerometerRotationSetting(accelerometerRotation: AccelerometerRotation) {
   val context = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getTargetContext()
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ fun setAccelerometerRotationSetting(accelerometerRotation: AccelerometerRotation
       runnableHandler,
       context,
       settingsLatch,
-      Settings.System.ACCELEROMETER_ROTATION
+      Settings.System.ACCELEROMETER_ROTATION,
     )
   settingsObserver.observe()
   executeShellCommand("settings put system accelerometer_rotation ${accelerometerRotation.value}")
@@ -67,5 +64,5 @@ fun setAccelerometerRotationSetting(accelerometerRotation: AccelerometerRotation
 @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY)
 enum class AccelerometerRotation(val value: Int) {
   DISABLED(0),
-  ENABLED(1)
+  ENABLED(1),
 }
diff --git a/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/DeviceUtil.kt b/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/DeviceUtil.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 package androidx.test.espresso.device.common
 
 import android.os.Build
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo
 import java.util.regex.Pattern
 
@@ -118,7 +117,6 @@ fun getMapOfDeviceStateNamesToIdentifiers(): MutableMap<String, String> {
  *
  * @hide
  */
-@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
 @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY)
 fun calculateCurrentDisplayWidthAndHeightPx(): Pair<Int, Int> {
   // "wm size" will output a string with the format

diff --git a/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/UiAutomationUtil.kt b/espresso/device/java/androidx/test/espresso/device/common/UiAutomationUtil.kt
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@
 
 package androidx.test.espresso.device.common
 
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.AutoCloseInputStream
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo
 import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo.Scope
 import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
@@ -36,7 +34,6 @@ import java.nio.charset.Charset
  * @hide
  */
 @RestrictTo(Scope.LIBRARY)
-@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP)
 fun executeShellCommand(command: String): String {
   val parcelFileDescriptor =
     InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().getUiAutomation().executeShellCommand(command)

diff --git a/...ing_resource/concurrent/java/androidx/test/espresso/idling/concurrent/AndroidManifest.xml b/...ing_resource/concurrent/java/androidx/test/espresso/idling/concurrent/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.idling.concurrent" >
 
   <uses-sdk
-      android:minSdkVersion="23"
+      android:minSdkVersion="24"
       android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/...esource/concurrent/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/idling/concurrent/AndroidManifest.xml b/...esource/concurrent/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/idling/concurrent/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.idling.concurrent"
     xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
 
-    <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="23" android:targetSdkVersion="30"/>
+    <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="24" android:targetSdkVersion="30"/>
 
     <application />
 

diff --git a/espresso/idling_resource/java/androidx/test/espresso/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/idling_resource/java/androidx/test/espresso/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.idling.resource" >
 
   <uses-sdk
-      android:minSdkVersion="23"
+      android:minSdkVersion="24"
       android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/idling_resource/net/java/androidx/test/espresso/idling/net/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/idling_resource/net/java/androidx/test/espresso/idling/net/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.idling.net" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/intents/java/androidx/test/espresso/intent/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/intents/java/androidx/test/espresso/intent/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.intent" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/intents/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/intent/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/intents/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/intent/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.intents">
 
   <uses-sdk
-      android:minSdkVersion="23"
+      android:minSdkVersion="24"
       android:targetSdkVersion="34"/>
 
   <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE"/>

diff --git a/espresso/intents/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/intent/IntentsIntegrationTest.java b/espresso/intents/javatests/androidx/test/espresso/intent/IntentsIntegrationTest.java
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
 import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.net.Uri;
-import android.os.Build;
 import androidx.test.espresso.intent.rule.IntentsTestRule;
 import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4;
 import androidx.test.filters.LargeTest;
@@ -156,12 +155,7 @@ public void recordsIntentsOnlyAfterInit() {
 
   @Test
   public void intentScheme() {
-    String dialerPackage = "com.android.phone";
-
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) {
-      // Starting with Android Lollipop the dialer package has changed.
-      dialerPackage = "com.android.server.telecom";
-    }
+    String dialerPackage = "com.android.server.telecom";
 
     // Testing Scheme "tel:xxx-xxx-xxxx"
     onView(withId(R.id.send_data_to_call_edit_text))

diff --git a/espresso/remote/java/androidx/test/espresso/remote/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/remote/java/androidx/test/espresso/remote/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.remote" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
     <application />

diff --git a/espresso/web/java/androidx/test/espresso/web/AndroidManifest.xml b/espresso/web/java/androidx/test/espresso/web/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     package="androidx.test.espresso.web" >
 
     <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="23"
+        android:minSdkVersion="24"
         android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
 
 </manifest>
diff --git a/espresso/web/java/androidx/test/espresso/web/action/AtomAction.java b/espresso/web/java/androidx/test/espresso/web/action/AtomAction.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 import static androidx.test.internal.util.Checks.checkNotNull;
 import static androidx.test.internal.util.Checks.checkState;
 
-import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Looper;
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ public String getDescription() {
   @Override
   public void perform(UiController uiController, View view) {
     WebView webView = (WebView) view;
-    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 23 && !webView.isHardwareAccelerated()) {
+    if (!webView.isHardwareAccelerated()) {
       throw new PerformException.Builder()
           .withViewDescription(webView.toString())
           .withCause(
@@ -124,16 +123,6 @@ public void perform(UiController uiController, View view) {
     String script = checkNotNull(atom.getScript());
     final ListenableFuture<Evaluation> localEval =
         JavascriptEvaluation.evaluate(webView, script, arguments, window);
-    if (null != window && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT == 19) {
-      Log.w(
-          TAG,
-          "WARNING: KitKat does not report when an iframe is loading new content. "
-              + "If you are interacting with content within an iframe and that content is changing "
-              + "(eg: you have just pressed a submit button). Espresso will not be able to block "
-              + "you until the new content has loaded (which it can do on all other API levels). "
-              + "You will need to have some custom polling / synchronization with the iframe in "
-              + "that case.");
-    }
 
     localEval.addListener(
         new Runnable() {