perf(decoding): hold streamed frames to a window plus a block, decode unsized frames into the caller's slice by polaz · Pull Request #509 · structured-world/structured-zstd

polaz · 2026-09-15T19:49:16Z

Summary

Streaming and one-shot decodes paid for window-sized buffers they did not need, and paid again every time a context was new. Each change takes the shape upstream already has:

decode_from_to holds a frame to one window plus one block. It decoded every block its input held before draining any, so a caller handing over a whole frame (the usual ZSTD_decompressStream call) grew the ring to the frame's content size, doubling and copying its way there. It now drains into the target before each block and decodes no further while the target is full, as upstream flushes each block before the next.
The ring grows to what the frame needs, not past it. Amortized doubling stops at the frame's limit instead of the next power of two; a caller that holds more than that still grows. A multi-segment frame reserves its content-capped window plus one block (each block reserves a block of room before it decodes), a single-segment frame or one whose declared size fits its window exactly its content (nothing leaves such a window, so the extra block is never written), and a streamed frame that declares its size gets that buffer in one allocation once its first block is in hand, as upstream allocates per frame. A frame of unknown size keeps growing lazily, so a small one is never charged its whole declared window.
One kernel detection, at the entry, and no kernel branch below it. The decoder ran three separate detections: the unified detect_cpu_kernel, a HuffmanDecodeKernel of its own (its OnceLock read four times per block, once per HuffmanDecoder), and a vendor probe in the bitstream reader (a second OnceLock plus its own __cpuid for AMD Zen 1 / Zen 2's microcoded pext). Both extra mechanisms left a runtime branch in a hot loop: match self.kernel per decoded symbol in HUF, and if use_pext_triple per sequence, in three places. The kernel is now resolved once at the decoder's entry and carried as K: the HUF state advance is K::mask_lower_bits (bzhi where the tier has it, a mask elsewhere, the same value either way, since state_mask is (1 << max_num_bits) - 1), and the three-field bitstream split is K::extract_triple. The separate enum, both detections, the vendor policy and every branch are gone, 419 lines of them. The state advance takes the table's mask on every kernel alike, measured rather than assumed: bzhi on the width issues more instructions than the mask, since the mask is already in hand and the width is a second load, and the cycles overlap on every decode shape, so the advance is not a per-kernel op at all. The BMI2 tier covers 32-bit x86 as well, which the unified tags had left on the scalar bodies, and the aarch64 tiers reach the literals monomorph rather than falling through to the scalar one.
A short target is reported, never asserted. A compressed block with no sequences wrote its literals through the infallible path, which asserts on the caller's slice. Literals within the block maximum can still be longer than that slice, so a valid frame decoded into a short target aborted where the documented answer is TargetTooSmall. The write is fallible now (DecompressBlockError::LiteralsOutputOverflow), mapped the way a sequence overshoot already is: every entry to the direct path holds output.len() >= limit, so a write past the slice is a write past the limit. DecodeBuffer::push is test-only from here on, so no decoder path writes output where a short target cannot be reported.
A frame that produces nothing finishes through a slice that holds nothing. The block loop stops once the target is full, and a target of no bytes is full at its own length before any block is read, so the empty last block that ends such a frame was never reached and every call reported no progress on input that was complete. The stop excludes an empty target now.
A frame that declares no size decodes straight into the caller's slice. decode_all sent it through the drain path, which reserves and zeroes the declared window: a streamed producer's 4 KiB level-19 frame declares 8 MiB. The slice is now its limit, as upstream ZSTD_decompressDCtx decodes into dst; output past it is TargetTooSmall, as before.
Every block is held to its frame's block maximum. The slice backend took the per-block ceiling as a no-op, so a malformed block expanding past a block was accepted whenever the slice or the declared content size had room. The ceiling now narrows the bound sequence writes already check, as upstream folds blockSizeMax into oend. Literals were not bounded on any backend: a literals section regenerating more than a block, or literals left after the last sequence that carry the block past it, decoded instead of failing. And the bound was 128 KiB everywhere, where the format's is the smaller of the window and 128 KiB (RFC 8878 3.1.1.2.4), so a frame with a 1 KiB window decoded blocks of 2 KiB. The limit now comes from the window, as upstream keeps it per frame (blockSizeMax = MIN(windowSize, ZSTD_BLOCKSIZE_MAX)), and bounds a compressed block's literals, its sequence writes and its whole output, plus a Raw or RLE block's size from its header before it writes, as upstream checks rSize. Such a block is DecompressBlockError::ExpandsPastBlockMaximum. The per-block reservation asks for that limit too, where it asked for a flat 128 KiB: a frame with a 1 KiB window got a 131,073-byte ring for a 2 KiB peak, the ring's growth limit clamping only a need that already fits under it. It also stops at what a frame with a declared size has left to produce, since a frame declaring 13 bytes cannot produce a block: its ring held 131,086 bytes and now holds under 4 KiB. The up-front reservation takes that declaration as well, the block of room past the window being there for what a block still has to produce: a 1 MiB window declaring one byte more reserved 1,179,649 bytes for that byte and now reserves 1,048,578. The growth limit does not take it, since a frame may declare less than its blocks produce and the ring has to hold what arrives to reach the check that judges it, a write it cannot refuse being one the ring aborts on.

Measurement

i9, C ABI through the reference libzstd, v0.0.53 and this branch, arms alternating in one session, five rounds, medians; page faults per run. Frames from zstd -19 (the 4 KiB one without a size from zstd -19 < file).

case	v0.0.53	this branch	vs libzstd	page faults
8 MiB, new `ZSTD_DStream` per frame	9.27 ms	6.88 ms (-26%)	1.98x -> 1.47x	16.6K -> 6.5K
8 MiB, reused `ZSTD_DStream`	6.60 ms	6.50 ms (-1.6%)	1.44x -> 1.42x	8.5K -> 4.5K
4 KiB, new `ZSTD_DStream` per frame	13.17 us	8.39 us (-36%)	3.05x -> 1.94x	20.1K -> 121
4 KiB without a size, `ZSTD_decompress`	185.1 us	6.72 us (27x faster)	43.5x -> 1.58x	2164 -> 111
4 KiB, `ZSTD_decompress`	7.27 us	6.71 us (-7.7%)	1.71x -> 1.58x	116 -> 112
4 KiB without a size, `ZSTD_decompressDCtx`	6.42 us	5.95 us (-7.3%)	1.56x -> 1.44x	≈
1 MiB and 8 MiB `decompressDCtx` / `decompress`		-2.9..+0.8%		≈
streams over the 1 MiB and 4 KiB frames		+1.9..+3.8%		≈
4 KiB without a size, new `ZSTD_DStream`	17.50 us	17.96 us (+2.6%)	4.01x -> 4.12x	≈ 40K

Removing the per-symbol and per-sequence kernel branches measured separately against the commit before them: the 1 MiB level-19 frame decodes 5.4..5.7% faster streamed (2.55e9 cycles -> 2.43e9 on 1.1% MORE instructions, the three-mask split replacing one pext per field), a 4 KiB frame 2.7% faster streamed, while the one-shot rows move +3..5% on 0.4% FEWER instructions. Work went down or stayed flat everywhere; the clock moved both ways, which is the layout sensitivity the note below measures. Handing the state advance the table's mask took another 1.4% of cycles off that frame on 0.09% fewer instructions.

The last row is what this PR does not fix, and the +1.9..+3.8% row is not read as a cost: code layout moves a 1 MiB level-19 stream decode by 8% between commits of this branch (2.33e9 cycles against 2.53e9 for the release and for the branch's first commit, on work that differs by 0.1%), which is larger than any bound added here. On that decode the bounds issue 0.3% more instructions than the release (6.70e9 against 6.68e9) and 1.5% fewer than the branch carried before them, the per-kernel sequence monomorphs having lost their copy of the block-maximum arithmetic. Anything inside a couple of percent on these rows is that layout, claimed as neither win nor regression; every figure above is against the release, never against an intermediate commit.

Not improved, the last row above: a 4 KiB frame without a size through a new ZSTD_DStream per frame stays at 17.96 us (4.12x libzstd) with 40K page faults. Its ring starts lazily and its first block reserves a zero-filled block; removing that means either uninitialised ring memory or no whole-block reservation ahead of the sequence executor's inline path, and belongs with that path.

Memory, where the per-block reservation changed: a frame whose window is 1 KiB got a 131,073-byte ring for a 2 KiB peak, since the ring's growth limit only clamps a need that fits under it. It now reserves the window, and a frame that declares 13 bytes gets under 4 KiB of ring where it used to get 131,086.

One row is worse than the release and is reported as such: the 1 MiB level-19 stream decode sits near 2.64e9 cycles against the release's 2.53e9, on 0.7% more instructions (the per-block bounds this PR adds). The rest is the layout sensitivity described above: the cycles landed at 2.38e9 two commits earlier on the same work, and a perf record puts the difference inside the sequence monolith, which those commits do not touch.

pext was measured on that row rather than assumed, since the mask form replaced it: the mask form issues FEWER instructions (6.7277e9 against 6.7320e9) and their cycles overlap across repeats. One pext per field needs three mask loads and two shifts to set up, which is what three shifts and three bzhi cost outright, and it has three cycles of latency against one. So it is not brought back, and the second BMI2 tier plus the __cpuid vendor probe it would need for AMD Zen 1 and Zen 2 (where pext is microcoded) stay unwritten. What did help on that path was building the low-bit mask from a table instead of u64::MAX >> (64 - n), whose guard for n == 0 was a branch per field per sequence: 6.779e9 instructions to 6.727e9, 2.655e9 cycles to 2.635e9.

The two reports behind #508

Decompression "2x slower" between v0.0.52 and v0.0.53 does not reproduce on any path or on either architecture (same frame, both releases: 1.00 on the M1, 0.99..1.008 through the C ABI; the Rust API's few percent are the same code-layout sensitivity the note above measures). What is 2x is against libzstd on the streaming path, and that is the first row above.
Level-19 compression of 4..64 KiB "2x slower, different bytes" is the btultra2 seed-pass reuse fix in feat(cli): upstream v1.5.7 file selection, display levels and encoder switches #502: a reused compressor skipped the first-block statistics pass from its second frame on. It now runs it every frame, as upstream does after each context reset, so a reused compressor emits exactly what a fresh one does, and C ABI frames of 16..64 KiB equal libzstd's. No code change; the details are on the issue.

Testing

cargo nextest run --workspace: 1294 passed on aarch64, 1219 under x86_64; -p structured-zstd -F hash,std,dict-builder,lsm: 1251; -p ffi-bench -F bench-internals,dict-builder: 64.
New: a 4 MiB frame with a 1 MiB window streamed in 128 KiB steps keeps the workspace under 1.5 windows (it held the whole content); a frame 1000 bytes past its window keeps room for a block without regrowing; a 600 KiB frame with a 1 MiB window gets a ring of its content (it held 1 MiB), and a 1-byte frame with a 1 MiB window a ring under 1 KiB (it reserved a block past its content), and a 13-byte frame a ring under 4 KiB (it held 131,086 bytes); a 64 MiB header with no block reserves nothing; a 1 KiB target still receives every byte; a 4 KiB frame of unknown size decodes into its slice without reserving its window (it reserved 8.5 MB), and one byte short is still TargetTooSmall; a hand-built block writing 131,080 bytes is rejected on the direct path with and without a declared size and on the ring, as are a block of 200,000 RLE literals and a block whose literals after its last sequence carry it past the maximum; in a frame with a 1 KiB window, a compressed, a Raw and an RLE block of 2 KiB are each rejected, a compressed block gets a ring of 4 KiB or less (it got 131,073 bytes), and a Raw block of a whole block maximum after a compressed one still fills the caller's slice; 2000 literals with no sequences into a 100-byte slice is TargetTooSmall (it asserted); the ring's limit cuts the doubling step, leaves small growth doubling, and still grows for a need past it; a decoded HUF symbol advances the state identically under every kernel the build can select, from a nonzero state whose masked result is nonzero, and the three-field bitstream split likewise; a literal-only block of a whole block maximum decodes after a 13-byte compressed one, the ceiling the first armed bounding its own sequence writes and nothing else; a frame of one empty block finishes through an empty slice (it reported no progress forever); a frame of a 1 MiB window declaring one byte more reserves its content, not a block past it (it reserved 1,179,649 bytes); and the frame the fuzzer built from a declaration its block goes past decodes to a verdict rather than running the ring out of buffer.
cargo clippy -D warnings: the workspace, the library with lsm, ffi-bench with bench-internals, x86_64 / i686 / wasm32 and --no-default-features --features kernel-scalar; cargo fmt --check. cargo fuzz run decode and interop clean for two minutes and ninety seconds respectively. The library also builds for i686 and for wasm32 with kernel-simd128, the two targets whose kernel selection this PR changes.

Closes #508

decode_from_to decoded every block its input held before draining any of it, so a caller handing over a whole frame grew the ring to the frame's content size, doubling and copying its way there. It now drains into the target before each block and decodes no further while the target is full, as upstream ZSTD_decompressStream flushes each block before the next. The ring's amortized growth stops at the frame's window plus one block instead of doubling past it, so a full power-of-two window asking room for a block no longer becomes two windows; a caller that holds more than that still grows. Frames that reserve up front reserve the window plus a block, content-capped, so filling the window costs no copy; frames of unknown size still grow lazily. Tests: a 4 MiB frame with a 1 MiB window streamed in 128 KiB steps keeps the workspace under 1.5 windows (it held the whole content), a 1 KiB target still receives every byte, and the ring's limit cuts the doubling step, leaves small growth alone and still grows for a need past it. Part of #508

A fresh decoder streaming a frame grew its ring from nothing through every doubling, reallocating, copying and faulting its pages in per frame; bounding the growth at a window plus a block changed the sizes glibc sees and made the per-frame cost worse (an 8 MiB level-19 frame through a new ZSTD_DStream: 9.37 -> 16.56 ms, page faults 16.5K -> 122.8K over 20 frames). A frame that declares its size now gets min(window + block, content) in one allocation on its first decode_from_to call, as upstream allocates its stream buffer at the frame header. A frame of unknown size keeps growing lazily under the limit, so a small one is not charged its whole declared window. Part of #508

…er's slice decode_all took the direct path only for a frame declaring its size; one that declares none went through the drain path, which reserves the frame's declared window. A streamed producer's frame declares no size and, at level 19, an 8 MiB window, so a one-shot decode of 4 KiB allocated and zeroed megabytes per call (ZSTD_decompress: 186 us against libzstd's 4.3 us). Such a frame now decodes into the caller's slice as well, the slice being its limit, as upstream ZSTD_decompressDCtx decodes into dst; output past the slice is TargetTooSmall, as it was on the drain path. Frames declaring a size keep every content-size check. Tests: a 4 KiB level-19 frame of unknown size decodes into its slice without reserving its window (it reserved 8.5 MB), and one byte short is still TargetTooSmall. Part of #508

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zstd/src/bit_io/bit_reader_reverse/tests.rs
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zstd/src/bit_io/bit_reader_reverse/tests.rs
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zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs
zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder/tests.rs
zstd/src/decoding/literals_section_decoder.rs
zstd/src/decoding/sequence_section_decoder.rs
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📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

The decoder limits streaming buffer growth to a frame’s window plus one block. Streaming decode drains output between blocks. Frames without a declared size decode directly into the caller’s slice. Block decoding rejects output beyond the frame block maximum. Kernel-dependent bit and Huffman decoding now uses caller-selected CPU kernels.

Changes

Bounded decoding and kernel dispatch

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Buffer growth and reservation `zstd/src/decoding/buffer_backend.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/ringbuffer.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/decode_buffer.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/ringbuffer/tests.rs`	`RingBuffer` applies a frame growth limit. Decode-buffer and frame reservation paths separate initial capacity from later growth.
Block output validation `zstd/src/decoding/block_decoder.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/errors.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/sequence_section_decoder.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/user_slice_buf.rs`	Block decoding enforces `min(window_size, MAX_BLOCK_SIZE)` for raw, RLE, literal, and sequence output. New errors report block expansion and fixed-buffer literal overflow.
Streaming and direct decode flow `zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder/tests.rs`	`decode_from_to` drains pending output before decoding another block. Unknown-size frames direct-decode into the caller’s slice and return `TargetTooSmall` on overflow. Tests cover reservation, draining, direct decoding, and malformed oversized blocks.
Kernel-based bit and Huffman decoding `zstd/src/cpu_kernel.rs`, `zstd/src/bit_io/bit_reader_reverse.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/seq_decoder_bmi2.rs`, `zstd/src/decoding/seq_decoder_vbmi2.rs`, `zstd/src/huff0/huff0_decoder.rs`	Triple extraction and Huffman state advancement use `CpuKernel` methods. Runtime PEXT dispatch and per-decoder kernel selection were removed. Tests compare kernel implementations with scalar references.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes

Change: Bug fix · Severity of issue fixed: Medium

Sequence Diagram(s)

sequenceDiagram
  participant Caller
  participant FrameDecoder
  participant DecodeBuffer
  participant Target
  Caller->>FrameDecoder: decode_from_to
  FrameDecoder->>DecodeBuffer: drain pending output
  DecodeBuffer->>Target: write available bytes
  FrameDecoder->>DecodeBuffer: decode one block
  FrameDecoder-->>Caller: return written bytes

Merge Risk: 🟡 Moderate · up to b0974

Streaming frames may retain more buffer capacity than intended, and malformed compressed blocks may write beyond their per-block limit before rejection. These decoder correctness and memory-bound concerns should be resolved before merging.

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✅ Passed checks (5 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Linked Issues check	✅ Passed	The PR meets the coding requirements in `#508`. The decoder drains output before decoding later blocks and stops when the target is full. Growth is capped at the window plus one block, while smaller fra…
Out of Scope Changes check	✅ Passed	The changes remain within `#508`. Buffer growth, direct decoding, block validation, and target handling implement the linked decoding objectives. The kernel, bit-reader, Huffman, and literal-dispatch ch…
Docstring Coverage	✅ Passed	Docstring coverage is 90.63% which is sufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff. Analyzed 128 functions across 18 files.
Description Check	✅ Passed	Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check	✅ Passed	The title clearly summarizes the primary changes: limiting streamed-frame buffering to one window plus one block and decoding unsized frames directly into the caller's slice. It is concise, specific, …

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codecov · 2026-09-15T19:53:14Z

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❌ Patch coverage is 95.23810% with 13 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
zstd/src/decoding/errors.rs	0.00%	7 Missing ⚠️
zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs	95.93%	5 Missing ⚠️
zstd/src/decoding/user_slice_buf.rs	91.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

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In `@zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs`:
- Around line 859-863: Implement exact reservation for RingBuffer by updating
RingBuffer::reserve_exact and forwarding that method through its BufferBackend
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the sentinel and wildcopy slack, without applying the power-of-two rounding used
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zstd/src/decoding/buffer_backend.rs
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…a stream buffer per block in hand - Direct decoding into the caller's slice never enforced MAX_BLOCK_SIZE per block: UserSliceBackend took the per-block ceiling as a no-op, so a malformed compressed block expanding past 128 KiB was accepted whenever the slice (or the declared content size) had room. It now keeps the ceiling on the live byte count and checks it where RingBuffer does, in the inline gate and the match reservation; an overflow within the slice is reported as a malformed block rather than TargetTooSmall. - decode_from_to reserved a declared-size frame's buffer on its first call, before knowing a block was there, so a header followed by nothing reserved the whole declared window. The reservation now waits for the first complete block. - A content-capped reservation below the window rounded up to the next power of two in the ring (600 KiB content, 1 MiB window: 1 MiB of ring). reserve_buffer now lowers the ring's growth limit to its target, so the doubling lands on the content size. Tests: a hand-built block of two RLE sequences writing 131,080 bytes is rejected on the direct path with and without a declared size (both were accepted) and on the ring; a 64 MiB header with no block reserves nothing (it reserved 67 MB); a 600 KiB frame with a 1 MiB window keeps a ring of its content (it held 1 MiB). Part of #508

…lock of ring past the window - The direct path's per-block ceiling cost a check of its own on every sequence (inline gate plus reservation: +1.2..4.5% on the C ABI one-shot rows). It now narrows the one bound sequence writes already check, UserSliceBackend::cap, to the nearer of the slice's end and the ceiling, as upstream folds blockSizeMax into oend. - Capping a multi-segment frame's ring at its declared content left no block of room once the window filled whenever the content ran a few bytes past the window, and the block after doubled the ring (an 8 MiB level-19 frame through a new ZSTD_DStream: 6.95 -> 8.15 ms, page faults 6.5K -> 12.6K). The ring now reserves the content-capped window plus a block; a single-segment frame keeps exactly its content. Test: a frame 1000 bytes past its 1 MiB window, compressed blocks, streamed in 128 KiB steps, stays under 1.5 windows (it fails on the content-capped size). Part of #508

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- Reject a block whose literals section regenerates more than the block maximum, and a block whose total output (sequences plus the literals left after the last one) runs past it, as upstream's ZSTD_decodeLiteralsBlock and the shared oend bound do. The ring path had no such check, so an oversized block decoded instead of failing. New error DecompressBlockError::ExpandsPastBlockMaximum. Regression tests: literals_past_the_block_maximum_are_rejected, trailing_literals_past_the_block_maximum_are_rejected. - A declared-size stream frame no larger than its window reserves just its content, not window plus a block: nothing ever drains out of the window, so the extra block was never written. The growth limit stays at window plus a block for frames that run past it. Test: a_streamed_frame_that_fits_its_window_reserves_just_its_content. - decode_from_to takes the pending drainable length from the read it already makes instead of querying the buffer a second time per block.

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In `@zstd/src/decoding/block_decoder.rs`:
- Line 326: Replace the fixed MAX_BLOCK_SIZE checks in the block decoder with a
frame-specific limit computed from buffer.window_size and the protocol maximum,
using the smaller value. Apply this same limit to the literals check, sequence
output ceiling, and final regenerated-size validation.

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zstd/src/decoding/block_decoder.rs
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A frame's block maximum is the smaller of its window and 128 KiB (RFC 8878 3.1.1.2.4), which upstream derives once per frame as `blockSizeMax = MIN(windowSize, ZSTD_BLOCKSIZE_MAX)` and checks every block against. Ours bounded blocks at 128 KiB alone, so a frame with a 1 KiB window decoded blocks of 2 KiB: past what the format allows, and past what the window-sized buffer is meant to hold. The limit now comes from the window and bounds a compressed block's literals, its whole output and its sequence writes, plus a Raw or RLE block's size from its header before it writes, as upstream checks `rSize`. Regression test a_block_past_a_small_window_is_rejected covers all three block types and failed on each before this. Also pins that the per-block sequence ceiling does not narrow a following Raw block: a compressed block of 13 bytes followed by a Raw block of a whole block maximum fills the caller's slice (a_raw_block_after_a_compressed_one_fills_the_slice).

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In `@zstd/src/decoding/sequence_section_decoder.rs`:
- Line 168: Update the sequence-section decoder’s buffer setup to compute the
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pass that value to reserve_exact, and reuse it for set_block_output_ceiling
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- A compressed block with no sequences wrote its literals through the infallible path, which asserts on a fixed-capacity backend. Literals within the block maximum can still be longer than the caller's slice, so a valid frame decoded into a short target aborted where it must return TargetTooSmall. The write is now fallible (new DecompressBlockError::LiteralsOutputOverflow), and the direct path maps it the way it maps a sequence overshoot: every entry to that path holds output.len() >= limit, so a write past the slice is a write past the limit. Regression test literals_longer_than_the_slice_are_target_too_small. DecodeBuffer::push is now test-only: nothing in the decoder writes output through a path that cannot report a short target. - The pre-block reservation asks for the frame's block maximum rather than a flat 128 KiB. A frame with a 1 KiB window got a 131,073-byte ring where its peak is 2 KiB, since the ring's growth limit only clamps a need that fits under it. Test a_compressed_block_in_a_small_window_reserves_one_block_of_it measured that ring before the change. - decode_from_to's return contract said read == 0 means the same input cannot advance. Since output is drained before each block, read == 0 with written > 0 means the target filled and the same input decodes further once there is room. The contract now says so; both counters zero is the no-progress signal.

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- A drain that fills the caller's target exactly leaves nothing pending, which the block loop read as room to decode another block: its output had nowhere to go and its input was consumed for a caller that asked for no more. The loop now stops on a full target too. Regression test a_filled_target_stops_before_the_next_block read 3081 bytes of a three-block frame before the change and reads 2054 after. - The block-maximum error carried the global 128 KiB constant while the check compares against the frame's own maximum, so a 2 KiB block in a 1 KiB-window frame was reported as expanding past 131072. The variant carries the frame's maximum now and prints that. - A frame that declares no size takes the single-raw-block shortcut as well. The probe parsed the first block header and then failed a condition that could never hold for such a frame, leaving the general loop to parse the same header again. The shortcut checks the block maximum, which the general path checks and the shortcut previously did not. - CPU kernel detection moved to the decoder's entry: the block decoder takes a resolved kernel, so a chunked decode no longer reads the detection cache once per call. The detecting constructor is now test-only.

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Inline comments:
In `@zstd/src/decoding/block_decoder.rs`:
- Line 501: Apply the block output ceiling before every fallback literal write
in the block decoder: reserve the literal length before each try_push, including
the tail-literal append after sequence processing. Ensure capacity failure
occurs while the sequence checkpoint can still roll back the block, preventing
direct-target mutation or growth beyond block_maximum.

In `@zstd/src/huff0/huff0_decoder/tests.rs`:
- Around line 102-107: Update the Huffman decoder test around HuffmanDecoder,
BitReaderReversed, and the BMI2/NEON decoder instances to initialize every
decoder with the same nonzero state, specifically state 3. Ensure the selected
table entry has num_bits less than max_num_bits and leaves a nonzero masked
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zstd/src/bit_io/bit_reader_reverse.rs
zstd/src/bit_io/bit_reader_reverse/tests.rs
zstd/src/cpu_kernel.rs
zstd/src/decoding/block_decoder.rs
zstd/src/decoding/buffer_backend.rs
zstd/src/decoding/decode_buffer.rs
zstd/src/decoding/errors.rs
zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder.rs
zstd/src/decoding/frame_decoder/tests.rs
zstd/src/decoding/seq_decoder_bmi2.rs
zstd/src/decoding/seq_decoder_vbmi2.rs
zstd/src/decoding/sequence_section_decoder.rs
zstd/src/decoding/user_slice_buf.rs
zstd/src/huff0/huff0_decoder.rs
zstd/src/huff0/huff0_decoder/tests.rs

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- The kernel tiers were all declared for x86_64, so a 32-bit x86 build resolved to the scalar bodies whatever the CPU offered, losing the bit-extract the Huffman state advance had before the dispatch was unified. The BMI2 tier now covers both widths (32-bit `bzhi` applies to the halves), the detection picks it there, and the literals dispatch has its arm. The sequence monolith stays portable on 32-bit: its bodies are x86_64-only. - The Huffman state advance takes the table's precomputed mask again through a kernel operation: a tier with a bit-extract instruction ignores the mask and takes the width, the others take the mask instead of rebuilding it per symbol. - The kernel-parity tests sweep every tier the dispatcher can select on the running build rather than stopping at the first, and the Huffman one starts from a nonzero state whose masked result is nonzero, so a tier that masked wrongly would fail it. Two review findings are answered in comments rather than code, both about the per-block ceiling over literal writes. The ceiling bounds SEQUENCE writes, which is why it is armed beside the sequence reserve; literal writes go through `try_extend`, bounded by the caller's slice, and the literals section was held to the block maximum where it was parsed. Arming the ceiling over those writes would reject valid frames: a small block leaves the ceiling near its own output, and a following literal-only block of a whole block maximum would exceed it while the slice still had room. Test a_literal_only_block_after_a_compressed_one_fills_the_slice decodes exactly that pair.

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The per-block reservation asked for a whole block maximum on every compressed block, so a frame that declared less than a block still grew its ring to one. The initial reservation already capped the ring at the declared content; this grew it straight back. The reservation now asks for the smaller of a block and what the frame has left to produce, which is what a declared size means. The ceiling stays the block maximum: it decides whether a block is malformed, and a frame that outruns its declared size is caught by the size check, which says so rather than blaming the block. Regression test a_compressed_block_reserves_no_more_than_the_frame_declares decodes a 13-byte frame with a 1 MiB window: the ring held 131,086 bytes before this and holds under 4 KiB after.

Measured `pext` against it on the i9, same frame, arms interleaved: the mask form issues FEWER instructions (6.7277e9 against 6.7320e9 on a 1 MiB level-19 stream decode) and the cycles overlap across repeats (2.640..2.643e9 against 2.628..2.639e9). `pext` needs three mask loads and two shifts to set up, which is what the three shifts and three `bzhi` of the mask form cost outright, and its latency is three cycles against one. So the instruction it saves is not saved, and paying for it means a second BMI2 tier plus a `__cpuid` vendor probe, because AMD Zen 1 and Zen 2 microcode `pext` at around 18 cycles. Reverted: the extract keeps the form every kernel shares, and the vendor question disappears with it.

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…e declares Two defects the per-block reservation work left, each with the regression test that fails without it. A frame that produces nothing could not be decoded into a slice that holds nothing. The block loop stops once the target is full, and a target of no bytes is full at its own length before any block is read, so the empty last block that ends such a frame was never reached: every call returned no progress on input that was complete. The stop now excludes an empty target, which reaches that block; a frame that does produce bytes buffers its first block and stops on the pending arm of the next pass, as before. A multi-segment frame keeps a block of room past its window because each compressed block reserves a block before it decodes, but a frame cannot produce past the size it declared. A 1 MiB window declaring one byte more reserved 1,179,649 bytes of ring for a byte of it, the per-block reservation having already been capped at the same remainder. The limit takes the declaration too, so that frame holds 1,048,578.

…rnel The precomputed-mask op was overridden by the Bmi2 tier and not by Avx2 or Vbmi2, so the ladder disagreed with itself: the wider tiers took the default while the narrower one took `bzhi`. Measured which of the two forms is right, on the i9, both arms interleaved across five rounds on the level-19 frames that spend the most of their time in HUF. `bzhi` issues MORE instructions (6.7335e9 against 6.7278e9 on a 1 MiB stream decode, 6.7067e9 against 6.7010e9 one-shot): the mask is already in hand, so taking the width instead is a second load. The cycles overlap on every shape (2.6262-2.6361 against 2.6320-2.6615 streamed), which is no difference at this scale. So the mask is not what a tier settles for, it is the better form, and the op stops being per-kernel: the advance masks with `state_mask` everywhere and the trait loses the method. The numbers are recorded at the advance so the question does not come back.

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…ts limit Capping the growth limit at the declaration aborted the decode on a frame that declares less than its blocks produce: the ring ran out of buffer under a write it cannot refuse, and asserts on that rather than reporting it. The fuzz decode target finds such a frame in well under a minute. The declaration belongs on the up-front reservation instead, which is where the waste was: a 1 MiB window declaring one byte more reserved 1,179,649 bytes for that byte and now reserves 1,048,578. The limit stays at the window plus a block, so a frame that exceeds what it promised still has somewhere to put the bytes and is judged once they exist. Carries the input that aborted, straight from the fuzzer.

…edicate The tier mixes VBMI2 with AVX2 widths and BMI2 masking, and the sweeps asked only for VBMI2. A CPU that offers it while masking any of the rest would have reached the monomorph and decoded through instructions it does not have. Both sweeps now ask what the kernel selection asks.

polaz added 3 commits September 15, 2026 22:23

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polaz added 5 commits September 16, 2026 08:54

perf(decoding): keep the literal-only write off the per-block body

7c336b2

perf(decoding): keep the infallible literal write for growable backends

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perf(decoding): hand the literal-only write over as a tail call

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perf(decoding): arm the block ceiling where the block maximum is known

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refactor(decoding): resolve the kernel once, drop the side detects

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refactor(decoding): drop the pext side-branch from the sequence readers

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test(decoding): compare the kernels instead of the removed pext policy

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fix(decoding): let the aarch64 tiers reach the literals monomorph

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polaz added 6 commits September 16, 2026 11:19

perf(decoding): keep the block-reservation arithmetic off the block body

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perf(decoding): keep the declared-size field off the hot field layout

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perf(decoding): take the low-bit mask from a table, not a guarded shift

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perf(decoding): bzhi for the precomputed HUF mask on Avx2 and Vbmi2

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polaz added 2 commits September 16, 2026 13:05

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chore: release v0.0.54 #510

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